Why "Columbus of the Orenburg region" Pyotr Rychkov flogged his serfs. Russian history in Cyrillic! Who is called the Columbus of the Orenburg region

The full-text electronic database "Columbus of the Orenburg Territory", dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the great Orenburg resident, and the 250th anniversary of his famous work "Topography Orenburgskaya", was created by employees of the regional studies department, the electronic reading room and the automation department of the OUNB named after NK Krupskaya, with the participation of the State Archives of the Orenburg Region. It presents the texts of all the works of P.I. Rychkov, published before 1917 and stored in the OUNB them. N.K. Krupskaya. The database includes texts of rare works about his life and work, as well as texts of works characterizing the events of the 18th century in the new Russian province. For a brighter and more complete perception of Orenburg materials on the history of the 18th century, maps, portraits, plans, illustrations are included in the full-text database.

Purpose of the DB:

Disclosure to users of the wealth of the library book fund;
- ensuring the availability of documents, the presentation of which is limited or difficult within the walls of the library;
- rendering assistance to scientists studying the 18th century, history, nature, geography of the Orenburg province;
- introducing users to the study of the works of Pyotr Ivanovich Rychkov concerning the history of the Orenburg region, its nature, economic activity, ethnography, etc .;
- preserving in the memory of Orenburg residents the name of the first in Russia corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, increasing knowledge about his life and scientific activity;
- disclosure to users of the wealth of the cartographic fund of the Orenburg State Archive of the Orenburg Region.

Database sections:

1. Orenburg expedition and commission of the 18th century.
This section reflects rare works devoted to the organization and activities of the Orenburg expedition (later the Commission). Included are the texts of works devoted to the first commanders of the expedition, whose associate was P.I. Rychkov: I.K. Kirilov, V.N. Tatishchev, I.I. Neplyuev, their portraits are placed.
2. The life and work of Pyotr Ivanovich Rychkov.
In addition to the texts of works about P. I. Rychkov, the section contains photographs of P. I. Rychkov's house, photographs of the ruins of a manor house that previously belonged to the descendants of P. I. Rychkov, plans for salt mines of the 18th century, which for some time were under his control.
3. Works of PI Rychkov.
Collected here are the works published during the author's lifetime in "Proceedings of the Free Economic Society for the Promotion of Agriculture and House-Building in Russia", in "Monthly Essays for the Benefit and Amusement of Employees", the text of a separate edition of the book "Experience of the Kazan History of Ancient and Middle Ages, composed by Peter Rychkov State Counselor, Correspondent of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and member of the Free Economic Society ”(St. Petersburg, 1767); as well as the work "The Siege of Orenburg", published in the "Works" by A. S. Pushkin: V.6. (St. Petersburg, 1881) and published in a separate volume in 1896 "History of Orenburg".
4. Topography of the Orenburg province.
Presented in electronic form "Topography of the Orenburg province" by P. I. Rychkov, edition of 1887, "Landmap" by Ivan Krasilnikov, copy from the reprint of 2007
5. First Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Living in the Orenburg region, PI Rychkov became the first corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. In addition to the texts, the section includes portraits of M. V. Lomonosov, G. F. Miller, other scientists who met with P. I. Rychkov, as well as an image of the building of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
6. The uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev.
PI Rychkov survived the siege of Orenburg by the rebels, lost his eldest son during the riot, but continued to take notes. His work "The Siege of Orenburg" was used by Alexander Pushkin in writing "The Captain's Daughter" and in the "History of the Pugachev Revolt". This point is taken into account and this section presents materials about the work of the great poet with the text of P.I. Rychkov.
7. Orenburg downy shawl.
In his works "Experience about goat hair" and "Supplement about goat hair" PI Rychkov was the first to draw attention to the unique qualities of the fluff of the local breed of goats. The wife of P.I. Rychkov, Alena Denisievna, was one of the first skilled down knitters. In 1767 she was awarded the gold medal of the Free Economic Society.
8. Orenburg maps of the 18th century.
This section was developed jointly with the staff of the State Archives of the Orenburg Region. It includes electronic copies of the Orenburg maps of the 18th century, stored in the OUNB them. N.K. Krupskaya and in the State Autonomous Okrug.

The chronological framework of the included editions is over 250 years.

On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the birth of PI Rychkov, the publishing house "Orenburg Kniga" published a four-volume edition, including the works of the scientist and materials for his biography, under the general title "". It was prepared by the famous Orenburg local historian G. P. Matvievskaya and carried out with the financial support of the Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications within the framework of the federal program "Culture of Russia".

The work on this edition was started during the lifetime of the former mayor of Orenburg G. P. Donkovtsev, with his ardent and interested participation: it was he who planned to publish a four-volume edition for Rychkov's 300th anniversary.

Pyotr Ivanovich Rychkov (1712-1777) - one of the founders of Orenburg, pioneers, organizers and researchers of the Orenburg region. Despite various official duties, P.I. Rychkov was an outstanding local lore scientist, who recorded in his research information that is of interest to modern geographers, naturalists, historians, economists, ethnographers of the Orenburg region, Bashkiria, Kazakhstan.

Previously, materials about his life and work were published in magazines of the 19th century. At present, after the scientific editing by G.P. Matvievskaya, the first complete collection of documentary materials has been prepared.

The first volume includes a study by the famous historian P. Ye. Matvievsky (1904–1987) "Pyotr Ivanovich Rychkov", autobiographical " Notes of Pyotr Ivanovich Rychkov", the story of N. A. Rychkov (great-great-grandson of the scientist)" An excerpt from the family notes of the Rozhnovs ", which was published in 1862, as well as an article by the OSU associate professor, local historian I. K. Zubova" The history of the descendants of Pyotr Ivanovich Rychkov, told by them themselves " , written on the basis of documents from the State Archives of the Orenburg Region.

At the end of the volume there is a list of PI Rychkov's works, 19 of them are unpublished. Until the present publication, they were kept in the funds of the central archives: the department of manuscripts of the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg, the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts, the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc. In this regard, one cannot but express admiration for the search work carried out by the compiler. About 400 titles make up a list of works devoted to Rychkov (including foreign ones), from the 19th century to the present day. Of interest is the scientist's track record at the end of the first volume - the main dates of his life and work.

So, we learn that he was born in Vologda and only at the age of 8, together with his family, ended up in Moscow. For 10 years, young Pyotr Rychkov learned "accounting science and external commerce" at the factory of IP Tames. At the age of twenty he got married, moved to St. Petersburg, where he began serving in the port customs. And at the age of 22 (1834) he was appointed an accountant for the Orenburg expedition. Since that time, his whole life was firmly connected with our land. Peter Ivanovich collaborated with each of the three founding fathers of Orenburg - IK Kirilov, VN Tatishchev, II Neplyuev. For sixteen years (1742-1739) he participated in the administration of the Orenburg region under the governor II Neplyuev. The founding of Orenburg (1743) and the province (1744) took place with his direct participation.

It is characteristic that a separate date (1755) marks his correspondence with M.V. Lomonosov. It is noteworthy that this is the year the Moscow University was founded. Then the Academy of Sciences approved his "Topography of the Orenburg province" and recommended it for publication. However, the publication will take place only in 1762. In 1759, the Orenburg History was published and a decree was issued establishing the title of Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences. Was this decree issued "under Rychkov"? After all, he is the first to receive this title! In 1768, he was visited in the village of Spasskoye (founded by him in the same year as Orenburg; nowadays Spasskoye, Bugulminsky district of Tatarstan), academicians I. I. Lepekhin and P. S. Pallas. In 1769 P.I. Rychkov took office as the chief ruler of the Orenburg salt affairs. For active cooperation with the Free Economic Society - and this was the first scientific society in Russia - in 1770 it was awarded a gold medal.

And here is another date - 1773-1774 - work on " Chronicle of the siege of Orenburg"which is being waged during the peasant war under the leadership of E. I. Pugachev, in the most difficult months for Rychkov personally: in one of the battles with the Pugachevites, his son Andrei died ...

This chronological list of the main events in the life of Pyotr Ivanovich allows us to better understand the meaning and content of his service in the Orenburg region, to present the entire spectrum and significance of his scientific activity - it is no coincidence that he was called Columbus of the Orenburg region, and also to delve deeper into the problems that worried him.

In the second volume, the essay of the famous researcher of Russian literature and history P.P. Pekarsky (1827-1872) " Life and literary correspondence of P.I. Rychkov"containing important biographical material. It also contains 38 articles by P. I. Rychkov, which were published by him in 1758-1776 in the journal" Monthly Compositions and Translations, Employees for Use and Amusement "and in" Proceedings of the Free Economic Society ". Since then, these articles, dealing with various issues of the economy of the Orenburg Territory, have never been republished.

Short articles, notes, recommendations of Peter Ivanovich reveal to us the everyday history of the region in the second half of the 18th century. For the historian, ethnographer, they represent valuable material on the study of economic life and rural life. Moreover, we feel Rychkov's sincere desire with his observations and practical advice to help the residents of the province in solving many problems, such as: providing food in lean years, developing industries, "farming" and the like. In this he sees the "main intention" of the Free Economic Society: "The members of this Society, each by themselves and with their combined forces, are obliged to contribute to the success of this Society for the benefit of the people, submitting and sending their experiences to the Meeting of the said Society for consideration" (p. 274).

The article titles speak for themselves: " On ways to multiply agriculture in the Orenburg province", "About the harvest of bread", "On considering natively growing herbs and seeds", "About fish glue", "About breeding bees", "About nettle canvas", "About grass fluff and home use instead of cotton"and others. In the article" On cooking beef and lamb skins in times of extreme need"Rychkov shares culinary recipes. For example:" ... this jelly, or jelly, you can not only eat cold with a good appetite, adding a little vinegar, but, boiling it, make a good and healthy chowder out of it, and especially when you put pepper in it , lemon juice and other spices ... Poor ones instead of them can put grain, bacon, onion, garlic and so on ... "He cites his family as an example:" To bring this new food into common use, and first teach my own people, for this they prepared and served it on my table every day. I myself, my wife and my children ... used it without any harm and without disgust "(p. 605, 603).

In another article - "A way to save edible things from damage and putrefaction" - PI Rychkov tells about an experiment he conducted with the use of Iletsk salt. At one of the fields of the Iletsk Defense, by his order, two cellars were cut out in a salt stone, fresh meat and fish were put in them, and ten days later "everything was found completely clean and fresh", although "there were great heat waves then." He later used similar cellars in his Spasskoye and even kept strawberries in them! In conclusion, Pyotr Ivanovich proposes to send the same to the Free Economic Society - for a model, and "anyone who wants to, for the above price can get them" (p. 596).

One of the articles - " About saving and multiplying forests"- attracts special attention. Rychkov, back in the 18th century, raised one of the most important environmental problems of the region, and now it is especially urgent. He turns as if to us, distant descendants, saying that" from the lack of forests, our life will be great difficulties ... and the most disastrous adventures "(p. 332). Examines different tree species and their practical application. In the Orenburg region, according to him, the greatest damage to forests is caused by fires and reckless felling.

The third volume includes the historical works of P.I. Rychkova. First of all, this is the "History of Orenburg", reproduced from the Orenburg edition of 1896. Labor is an important source on the history of our region, since Rychkov was a direct participant in the events associated with the foundation of Orenburg and the first decades of its history. The second work - "Description of the six-month siege of Orenburg, which was in 1773-1775 from the impostor Pugachev" - was published only once in the appendix to "History of Pugachev" by A. Pushkin, who used Rychkov's manuscript in his work. Further, this included the correspondence between P.I. Rychkov and V.N. Tatishchev, concerning questions of history.

The publication of the correspondence with the founder of Russian historical science V. N. Tatishchev is of great scientific value. We got a unique opportunity to witness a dialogue between two pundits. The letters are accompanied by scientific comments by G.P. Matvievskaya. It is indicative that Tatishchev repeatedly consults with Rychkov about his "History of Russia", on which he was working at that time, sometimes sending him whole chapters. " I ask you to clearly consider whether there is any error or ambiguity where, and let us know about it"(p. 327). The historian's remarks to the 18th chapter -" about the Tatars "are especially important. Brief news about the Tatars and about the current state of those peoples who in Europe are understood as Tatars"Tatishchev, in turn, responds to it with a number of remarks. Subsequently, in one of the notes to History, he will note Rychkov's participation in writing this chapter.

Rychkov helps Tatishchev by sending him valuable manuscripts, such as " History of the Turks"Abu-l-Gazi. Tatishchev examines the land map he sent and finds" irregularities "in the depiction of Siberia and Central Asia. Despite all the reverence for Tatishchev, Rychkov is trying to defend what he is confident in and, possibly, more knowledgeable. with VN Tatishchev deepens his knowledge and interest in history, he is so passionate about this work that he wants to try his hand. To which Tatishchev responds with a polite rebuff, referring to the lack of necessary sources: "About Russian history, your intention is extraordinary, only very difficult and such that either he is forced to accept the fables as truth, or, having begun, leave them in order that you will lack many necessary information ... "(p. 340).

Repeatedly in the letters of Tatishchev, the name of the Orenburg governor I.I.Neplyuev is mentioned, whom he hopes to see in St. Petersburg together with Rychkov. This scientific correspondence is also interesting in that it reveals some details of the business and friendly relations of two prominent contemporaries. Pyotr Ivanovich counts on the patronage of V. N. Tatishchev in obtaining the rank of collegiate counselor. And Tatishchev, in a number of letters, worries about the sheepskin coat he received "and thanked for it, but it is still bad for me, then I asked you another one, better to collect and send" (p. 323), which, of course, Pyotr Ivanovich was not slow to execute ...

The last, fourth, volume includes materials related to one of the main works of PI Rychkov - "Topography of the Orenburg province". Its text is reproduced from the Orenburg edition of 1887. The accompanying article by G. P. Matvievskaya describes the history of this publication and shows the role of its initiator - local historian, archaeologist and ethnographer R. G. Ignatiev (1818–1886). In addition, this volume includes a detailed review of the last and unpublished work of P. I. Rychkov "The Lexicon, or Topographical Dictionary of the Orenburg Province", which was compiled by P. E. Matvievsky from a manuscript kept in the Russian State Library in Moscow.

Four-volume edition " Life and work of P.I. Rychkov"containing the richest material of historical, biographical and source study plans, is a significant event in the cultural and scientific life.

The circulation of the edition is not great - 1,000 copies, but it is an invaluable gift for the 300th anniversary of the outstanding representative of Russian science, whose work is permeated with patriotic concern for the prosperity of the Fatherland.

T. I. TUGAY, Art. Lecturer at the Department of General History, OSU This material was published on the BezFormata website on January 11, 2019,
below is the date when the material was published on the original site!

Every winter we conduct an experiment lesson in which we figure out why the Fenech's ears are so big, while the Arctic fox, on the contrary, is small and short, why the camel has fat in the hump, and the polar bear is larger than the grizzly. The lesson is interactive, and we ourselves will feel how the layer of fat protects the seals so that lying on the snow they do not leave thawed patches. And also we find out how insects, fish, amphibians spend the winter, and we set up a real biological experiment to adapt the respiration of fish to water temperature.
13:00 - registration is open
14:00 - registration is open

"Colors of the Russian winter"

On January 27, at 2.30 pm, readers of the Orenburg Regional Multi-Ethnic Children's Library will plunge into the kaleidoscope of winter landscapes "Colors of the Russian Winter". Boys and girls will get acquainted with the "winter theme" in the works of Russian and foreign artists and composers. Children will learn about different directions in landscape painting, listen to fragments from musical works and try themselves as artists.

Location: st. Tereshkova, 25.

"Oh, this is my name, Tatiana!"

On January 28 at 15.00 for the readers of the Orenburg Regional Polyethnic Children's Library there will be a literary and musical composition "Oh, this is my name, Tatiana!" Teenagers will get acquainted with the history of the double holiday and learn how the name of the Christian martyr Tatiana is associated with the most famous university in our country and the holiday of all Russian students.

Librarians will acquaint the children with literary works in which this name is mentioned, they will remember their beloved heroine A.S. Pushkin Tatiana Larina, whose name, thanks to the great poet, became known to the whole world.

Also, teenagers are waiting for a theater competition and a literary and educational quiz "She was called Tatiana."

Location: st. Tereshkova, 25.

"The road of life"

On January 30, at 15.00, a literary-patriotic hour "The Road of Life" dedicated to the liberation of besieged Leningrad will take place in the Orenburg Regional Polyethnic Children's Library. Young readers will get acquainted with poems, listen to the stories of V. Karaseva from the collection "Little Leningraders", S. Alekseev from the collection "Feat of Leningrad", N. Khoza "The Road of Life". The children will clearly see the food ration in the besieged city and watch the video "The Treasure of Leningrad".

Location: st. Tereshkova, 25.

We invite you to English classes

In the classroom with young readers, we master the English language "by immersion" in it. We are having fun, interesting and useful time. Movement and change of activities, the variety of activities offered and the richness of the material allow children to get tired less during the lesson, and it is easier for schoolchildren to learn grammar rules, expand vocabulary and develop speaking and reading skills.

In the Orenburg Regional Universal Scientific Library named after NK Krupskaya from September 10 to December 1, a book-illustrative exhibition "The husband of the great mind, art and knowledge" was held. The project was timed to coincide with the 300th anniversary of PI Rychkov (1712–1777), historian, ethnographer, geographer, explorer of the Orenburg region.

The significance of PI Rychkov's epistolary heritage and the breadth of his scientific interests are surprising. He was a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1759), was a member of the Free Economic Society (1765) and the Free Russian Assembly at Moscow University (1773). The collection of the Orenburg library contains 15 publications of the researcher during his lifetime.

2012 marks the 250th anniversary of the release of the first publication of the main work of P. I. Rychkov - "Topography of the Orenburg, that is: a detailed description of the Orenburg province", which was written in the form of an explanatory note to the atlas of astronomer and geodesist A. D. Krasilnikov ( 1705-1773). In this work, the scientist compiled for the first time a detailed description of the Orenburg region. It is noteworthy that this work was highly appreciated by M.V. Lomonosov. The exhibition featured a unique stand-alone edition of the book, dated 1762.

Among other rare editions of the scientist, it is necessary to note the book "History of Orenburg". It covers the history of the Ural region from 1730 to 1750, including the development of a huge region, the activities of its first administration and the construction of the first fortresses and cities. The library contains a rare edition, published in Orenburg in 1896.

Other rare editions were exhibited at the exhibition: “Experience of Kazan History of Ancient and Middle Ages” in 1767, a copy of which the author presented as a gift to Catherine II during a personal meeting in 1767; articles by PI Rychkov published in the works of the Free Economic Society; "Private notes" of an eyewitness researcher about the siege of Orenburg in 1773-1774 by the army of E. I. Pugachev.

At the exhibition one could see the scientific publications of Soviet scientists F.N. Milkov, A.V. Efremov, P.E. Matvievsky, who studied various aspects of P.I. Rychkov's scientific activities in the postwar period of the history of our country.

The exhibition showed that the prophetic words about P. I. Rychkov by academician P. P. Pekarsky (1827–1872) are coming true: “He will not be forgotten in the history of Russian literature as a writer who left reliable and varied information about the land and events little known in his time. that took place there before his eyes. "

Regional children's research competition "From Vologda to Orenburg ..."

The Orenburg Regional Polyethnic Children's Library, with the support of the Ministry of Culture, Public and External Relations of the Orenburg Region, held a children's research competition "From Vologda to Orenburg ...". The competition was held as part of the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the birth of the historian and geographer PI Rychkov (1712–1777).

Children of 7-14 years old were invited to participate in the competition - readers of libraries, members of literary, historical and local history associations of the region.

More than 200 research papers were submitted for the competition from 34 districts and cities of the Orenburg region: Sol-Iletsky, Saraktashsky, Akbulaksky, Aleksandrovsky, Buguruslansky, Asekeevsky, Ponomarevsky, Belyaevsky, Matveevsky, Gaysky and other districts and cities of Orenburg, Novotroitsk, Buguruslan.

The goals of the competition expressed the noble desire of the organizers, firstly, to open the name of P.I. Rychkov for modern children, to instill love for their native land, to involve them in research and search work, to unite peers from different regions of Russia by reading books about P.I. Rychkov ; secondly, to increase the intellectual potential of the younger generation by popularizing the scientific heritage of PI Rychkov; to educate a thoughtful reader through research creativity.

The competition was held in three nominations: "Rychkov's scientific works in the history of my region" (research); "P. I. Rychkov and Historical Personalities of Russia "(abstracts); "On the Rychkovo places of the native land" (essay).

On September 28, the results of the regional competition were summed up. In the first nomination, the first place was awarded to Arina Nikitenko (Aleksandrovsky district); in the second - Sazonova Ilya and Islamova Diana (Orenburg); in the third nomination - to the readers of the central children's library of the Alexandrovsky district, Ekaterina Novikova, Artem Grinev, Ekaterina Chichkanova, Daria Anpilogova, Anna Irnichenko.

The winners and participants of the competition were awarded with diplomas, gratitude and mementos. For the professional approach in organizing the patriotic education of young readers and the development of literary local history, the collectives of children's libraries of the region were awarded with thanks and books.

The participants of the holiday got acquainted with the book exhibition "Columbus of the Orenburg region", dedicated to the life and work of PI Rychkov; exhibition of minerals; with great pleasure we tasted varieties of honey from different parts of the Orenburg region; tried their hand at knitting traditional Orenburg downy shawls at a master class held by their contemporaries - young downy women from the village of Zheltoye, Saraktash district.

The organizers of the competition expressed the hope that PI Rychkov's behest to the descendants "A century to live, a century to study and work" will become the motto of life for young Orenburg residents.

The Orenburg region is a unique territory with numerous monuments that testify to the spiritual, political, economic, social development of representatives of different cultures and nationalities who have long lived in the Orenburg region, and have a huge tourist, cultural and educational potential.

Orenburg region - the pearl of Russia

M. G. Dmitrieva, Ph.D. sociologist. sciences, deputy. early Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects and Development of Traditional Folk Culture of the Ministry of Culture, Public and External Relations of the Orenburg Region

V.A. Rubin, Ph.D. D., leading specialist of the Department

The Orenburg Region is a unique territory where representatives of many different cultures and nationalities have lived for a long time. Slavic, Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples in different periods fought, traded, together they were engaged in the arrangement of our land. Numerous monuments preserved in the Orenburg region are evidence of this.

There are 2,633 such objects today, of which 1,767 are under state protection. These are a kind of cultural resources of the region, "points of growth", which have a huge tourist, cultural and educational potential.

Kargalinsky copper mines are located between Oktyabrsky, Perevolotsky, Sakmarsky, Aleksandrovsky districts, in the very heart of the Orenburg region. Few people know that back in the IV-II millennia BC in the interior of the mainland there was a center for the extraction and processing of copper. From the Bronze Age to the New Age, mines, adits and quarries were developed here. Around this place there were settlements of various eras. Once here the hammers and anvils of the Bronze Age blacksmiths were ringing, and then, much later, in the 18th – 19th centuries AD, metallurgists from the early period of Russian industrialization returned to these developments.

In 1740, the Russian merchant IB Tverdyshev bought off these lands and, in the wake of the development of the Bronze Age, began active mining of ores. In the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th century, the Kargaly ore accounted for a quarter of all copper turnover, and many new mines appeared. When the mines were exhausted by the beginning of the twentieth century, they were abandoned. In addition, the events of the Pugachev uprising are associated with these places.

The majestic steppe, the most beautiful waterfalls of the Yangiz River, mysterious entrances to the old mines make this area extremely attractive for tourism. For example, there is an idea to hold an all-Russian copper festival here annually.

Despite its historical significance, the unique landscape of Kargal, unfortunately, can be irretrievably lost: today the close attention of industrialists is again drawn here. Due to the development of the latest technologies for subsoil use, mined mines will again be able to bring benefits. Therefore, it is so important, before it is too late, to create a museum-reserve on Kargaly in order to preserve this amazing place for future generations. This would make it possible not only to solve the problem of protecting the monument, but also to organize scientific, cultural and educational work with the richest archaeological collections accumulated since the end of the 18th century.

In the Ilek region there is a world-famous archeological monument - the Filippovsky burial mound, which was occupied by archaeologists in 1980-1990. The richest burials and treasuries of the Sarmatian nobility were discovered there. Publications about him and artifacts from the excavations were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum (New York), at the Palazzo Real (Milan), at the State Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg) and at the State Historical Museum (Moscow). Outstanding finds of recent years are presented at the exhibition "Treasures of the Sarmatian Leaders" in the Orenburg Regional Museum of History and Local Lore.

In the north of the region, in the Buguruslansky district, there is one of the most famous memorable places in Russia - the estate of the great Russian writer S. T. Aksakov, an object of cultural heritage of federal significance. The writer treated his native land with great love, nature, historical events and people of the Orenburg region come to life on the pages of his works. The manor's manor house became a gallery of museum exhibits, and hotel rooms were located in the manor house. The family cemetery, the master's spring, a pond, a linden alley, where the trees planted by the writer's grandfather are still alive, have been preserved intact.

In the museum-estate of S. T. Aksakov you can not only touch the life and work of the great writer, but also take a break from the hustle and bustle of big cities, and go fishing. In the summer, wander through the picturesque surroundings, go horseback riding, cycling, and ski in winter. The Government of the Russian Federation held a competition for the best design of the "Scarlet Flower" monument, the winner of which was the architect V. O. Shvets from Orenburg.

The city of Buzuluk, in the west of the Orenburg region, is a unique architectural complex in terms of safety. Here, the wooden architecture of Art Nouveau is combined with massive brick buildings built in the Romanesque and Gothic styles. It is especially valuable that the city has preserved its historical planning and buildings.

Buzuluk is a recognized spiritual center of the Orenburg region; today churches and monasteries are being restored here. In the Spaso-Preobrazhenskaya monastery, cave passages with cells were reopened, where the inhabitants of the monastery lived, many of them glorified in the face of saints. The history of the origin of these caves is not fully understood. According to the "Legend of the Ataman Mountain", recorded by the Orenburg local historian Peter Zavyalovsky, even before the founding of Buzuluk, the hills beyond Samara were covered with dense forests, in which robbers ruled under the leadership of Ataman Vanka Monk.

In the north of the Buzuluk region, not far from the Aksakov Museum, on the outskirts of the Buzuluk Bor National Park, there is the village of Derzhavino, in the center of which there is a stone church in the name of the Smolensk Mother of God, built in 1798 by the efforts of the great Russian poet, real secret adviser Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. This is the oldest surviving Orthodox church in the region. The history of the temple and the village is directly connected with the dynasties of the Karamzins, Aksakovs, Nabokovs, Rychkovs, with the name of the outstanding artist Vladimir Lukich Borovikovsky.

In the Grachevsky district, also in the west of the region, there is a wonderful architectural monument of 1855 - a temple in the name of the blessed Alexander Nevsky, a historical complex of buildings of the Klyuchegorsky women's monastery, founded in 1864.

And in Orenburg itself there is something to see: the building of the Noble Assembly, the Gostiny Dvor, the office of the governors-general, the guardhouse.

For almost 200 years, Caravan-Saray, which includes the building of a mosque, a minaret and an inn, has been pleasing to the eye in Orenburg. This complex was intended for the Bashkir-Meshcheryak army and was supposed to serve as a free hotel for the Bashkirs and Meshcheryaks. Its construction began in 1837 on the initiative of V.A.Perovsky. The author of the project is the architect A.P. Bryullov, brother of the famous artist K.P. Bryullov. Decorations for the external and internal decoration of the mosque - including the famous crystal chandelier with 72 bronze candlesticks, which disappeared during the Soviet era - were made in St. Petersburg and Moscow. In 1993 the mosque of the complex was returned to the believing Muslims.

Near the city is a natural monument Lake Razval in the city of Sol-Iletsk and the largest necropolis of the Sarmatian leaders - the mound field "High Grave - Studenikin Mar", where historical reconstructions of pictures of everyday life, battles and fights of Sarmatian soldiers take place.

The eastern Orenburg region is famous for the city of Orsk, whose dramatic history better than any books tells about the annexation of the region to Russia, about the Russian colonization of the South Urals. In the east of the Orenburg region, there is also a unique archaeological site - the Alandskoye settlement, which is called the Troy of the Bronze Age of the Urals. No one knows who the people who built this ancient city were and why they left it.

Tourism and museum business in the Orenburg region have many prospects for development: the revival of folk crafts, traditional industries, cultural and educational tourism, which is so invaluable for the upbringing of the younger generations.