Introduction

Impact of motor transport on the environment

Chemical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods for its prevention

1 Air pollution

2 Lithosphere pollution

3 Hydrosphere pollution

Physical impact of motor transport and methods of its prevention

Mechanical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods for its prevention

Conclusion

List of used literature

motor transport pollution environment

Introduction

The problem of reliable environmental protection, rational and maximum use natural resources is one of the most pressing global problems.

The transport complex, in particular in Russia, which includes road, sea, inland waterway, rail and air transport, is one of the largest polluters of atmospheric air. Its impact on the environment is expressed mainly in the emissions of toxicants into the atmosphere from the exhaust gases of transport engines and harmful substances from stationary sources, as well as in the pollution of surface water bodies, the formation of solid waste and the impact of transport noise.

The main sources of environmental pollution and consumers of energy resources include road transport and the infrastructure of the road transport complex.

Pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from cars are more than an order of magnitude greater than emissions from railway vehicles. Next come (in descending order) air transport, sea transport and inland water transport. The non-compliance of vehicles with environmental requirements, the continuing increase in traffic flows, the unsatisfactory condition of roads - all this leads to a constant deterioration of the environmental situation.
In addition to poisoning with harmful emissions of air gases, road transport pollutes large areas with fuel and lubricants and is a powerful source of increased noise and electromagnetic radiation.

The overall picture of environmental pollution from road transport continues to worsen.
In recent decades, due to the rapid development of road transport, the problems of its impact on the environment have significantly worsened. Cars burn huge amounts of petroleum products, simultaneously causing significant harm to the environment, mainly the atmosphere.

Every year the number of vehicles increases, and, consequently, the content of harmful substances in the atmospheric air increases. The constant increase in the number of cars has a certain negative impact on the environment and human health.

1. Impact of vehicles on the environment

Nature - complete system with many balanced connections. Violation of these connections leads to changes in the cycles of substances and energy established in nature. Modern society production and consumption involve an amount of matter and energy that is hundreds of times greater than human biological needs, which is the main cause of the modern environmental crisis.

Today, human production activity is associated with the use of a variety of natural resources, including most chemical elements. The increased technogenic impact on the natural environment has given rise to a number of environmental problems. The most acute ones are related to the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

One of the problems of urbanized areas is the change in environmental properties under the influence of vehicles. Types of impact of motor transport on the environment are presented in Fig. 1.

Scheme 1. Impact of motor transport on the environment

2. Chemical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods for its prevention

2.1 Air pollution

Motor transport in a number of regions accounts for over 50% of the total emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Atmospheric pollution from mobile sources of vehicles occurs to a greater extent with exhaust gases through the exhaust system of a car engine, and also, to a lesser extent, with crankcase gases.

Each car emits about 200 different components into the atmosphere with exhaust gases. The main types of pollutant emissions from mobile sources, their impact on the human body and the environment are presented in the table.

Harmful substances	Consequences of exposure to the human body and the environment
Carbon monoxide CO	Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of fuel; it burns with a blue flame in air to form carbon dioxide. In the combustion chamber of an engine, CO is formed due to poor atomization of fuel, as a result of cold-flame reactions, during combustion of fuel with a lack of oxygen. In subsequent combustion after ignition, carbon monoxide may burn in the presence of oxygen to form dioxide. In this case, the process of CO burnout continues in the exhaust pipeline.
	Appears in exhaust gases when tetraethyl lead is used - an anti-knock additive for gasoline. Lead can accumulate in the body, entering it through the respiratory tract, with food and through the skin. Affects the central nervous system and hematopoietic organs. It causes a decrease in mental abilities in children, is deposited in bones and other tissues, and is therefore dangerous for a long time.
Nitrogen oxides NO, NO2, N2O4	Nitrogen oxides pose a danger to plant leaves. It has been established that their direct toxic effect on plants occurs at NOx concentrations in the air within the range of 0.5 - 6.0 mg/m3. Nitric acid is highly corrosive to carbon steels. The amount of nitrogen oxide emissions is significantly influenced by the temperature in the combustion chamber. Early fuel injection or high compression pressures in the combustion chamber also contribute to the formation of NOx. Exposure to nitrogen oxides in humans leads to dysfunction of the lungs and bronchi. Children and people with cardiovascular diseases are more susceptible to the effects of nitrogen oxides.
Hydrocarbons	They have an unpleasant odor. As a result of photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons with nitrogen oxides, smog is formed. Lead to an increase in pulmonary and bronchial diseases
Sulfur compounds	In a free atmosphere, sulfur dioxide (SO2) after some time is oxidized to sulfur dioxide (SO3) or interacts with other compounds, in particular hydrocarbons. The oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur dioxide occurs in a free atmosphere during photochemical and catalytic reactions. In both cases, the end product is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater. In dry air, oxidation of sulfur dioxide occurs extremely slowly. In the dark, SO2 oxidation is not observed. In the presence of nitrogen oxides in the air, the rate of oxidation of sulfur dioxide increases regardless of air humidity. They have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the human throat, nose and eyes.
Dust particles	Irritates the respiratory tract.

Crankcase gases are a mixture of part of the exhaust gases that penetrated through the leaks of the piston rings into the engine crankcase with engine oil vapors. The amount of crankcase gases in the engine increases with wear. In addition, it depends on driving conditions and engine operating mode.

Gasoline vapors in a car occur when the engine is running and when it is not running. They arise not only in mobile sources, but also in stationary ones, which, first of all, include gas stations. They receive, store and sell gasoline and other petroleum products in large quantities. This is a serious channel for environmental pollution, both as a result of fuel evaporation and spills.

Highways are one of the sources of dust formation in the ground air layer. When cars move, abrasion occurs on road surfaces and car tires, the wear products of which are mixed with solid particles of exhaust gases. Added to this is dirt brought onto the roadway from the soil layer adjacent to the road. Chemical composition and the amount of dust depend on the road surface materials.

It is difficult to imagine the modern world without a large number of vehicles, therefore, in order to maintain the ecological and economic balance, it is advisable to develop a system of measures aimed at improving the quality of atmospheric air

Scheme 2. System of measures aimed at improving air quality

Only the comprehensive implementation of technological, planning, organizational and technical measures can lead to an improvement in the quality of the environment in the city.

2.2 Lithosphere pollution

Substances that enter the atmospheric air with exhaust gases and then settle on the soil. Soils have the ability to retain and retain both atmospheric and groundwater, which enrich the soil with chemical compounds and thereby influence the formation of one or another type of soil. It is determined that soil makes a finite number of elements infinite. This happens because the soil is involved in a number of biosphere cyclic processes. Elements found in soil, water, and soil air can come into virtually unlimited number of contacts and form an infinite number of bonds.

Soil is an integral part of almost all biosphere cycles of substances. Metals and their compounds act as the main soil pollutants. Soil contamination with lead is widespread and dangerous. Lead compounds are used as additives in gasoline, so motor vehicles are a serious source of lead pollution. Lead is especially high in soils along major highways.

When 1 liter of leaded gasoline is burned, 200 to 500 mg of lead is released. This highly active, dispersed lead enriches the soil along roads.

As long as heavy metals are firmly bound to soil constituents and are difficult to access, their negative impact on the soil and the environment will be negligible. However, if soil conditions allow heavy metals to pass into the soil solution, there is a direct danger of soil contamination, and there is a possibility of their penetration into plants, as well as into the human body and animals that consume these plants. The danger of soil and plant contamination depends on: the type of plant; forms of chemical compounds in the soil; the presence of elements that counteract the influence of heavy metals and substances that form complex compounds with them; from adsorption and desorption processes; the amount of available forms of these metals in the soil and soil and climatic conditions. Consequently, the negative impact of heavy metals depends essentially on their mobility, i.e. solubility.

Self-purification of soils is usually a slow process. Toxic substances accumulate, which contributes to a gradual change in the chemical composition of soils, disrupting the unity of the geochemical environment and living organisms. From the soil, toxic substances can enter the bodies of animals and people and cause severe illness and death.

The size of the zone of influence of motor transport on ecosystems varies greatly. The width of roadside anomalies of lead content in the soil can reach 100-150m. Forest strips along roads retain lead flows from vehicles in their crowns. In urban conditions, the extent of lead contamination is determined by building conditions and the structure of green spaces. In dry weather, lead accumulates on the surface of plants, but after heavy rains, a significant part of it (up to 45%) is washed off.

In order to reduce lead pollution, it is necessary to reduce the use of leaded gasoline, because This gasoline is the source of lead emissions into the atmosphere. It is also necessary to create a number of installations that would retain lead, i.e. the amount of lead deposited in these installations. Any type of vegetation is a natural installation.

2.3 Hydrosphere pollution

Pollution of water bodies is understood as a decrease in their biosphere functions and ecological significance as a result of the entry of harmful substances into them. Water pollution from transport waste manifests itself in changes in physical and organoleptic properties (impaired transparency, color, odors, taste), an increase in the content of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, toxic heavy metals, a reduction in air oxygen dissolved in water, and the appearance of radioactive elements. It has been established that more than 400 types of substances emitted during the operation of vehicles can cause water pollution. If the permissible norm is exceeded by at least one of three hazard indicators: sanitary-toxicological, general sanitary or organoleptic, the water is considered contaminated.

Intensive pollution of the hydrosphere by motor vehicles occurs due to the following factors. One of them is the lack of garages for thousands of individual cars stored in open areas in the courtyards of residential buildings. The situation is further aggravated by the fact that the network of repair services for personal cars is not sufficiently developed. This forces their owners to carry out repairs and maintenance on their own, which they do, of course, without taking into account the environmental consequences. An example would be private car washes or unauthorized car washing sites: due to the lack of washing stations, this operation is often carried out on the banks of a river, lake or pond.

Meanwhile, motorists are increasingly using synthetic detergents, which pose a certain danger to water bodies. Storm wastewater from the surface of highways, gas station sites, and from the territory of motor transport and auto repair enterprises is also a powerful source of pollution of water basins in urban areas with petroleum products, phenols and easily oxidized organic substances. The entry of heavy metals and toxic substances with wastewater sharply limits the consumption and use of water resources.

To reduce pollution of surface waters of open reservoirs, it is necessary to create a drainless water supply system in areas used for washing cars, as well as the construction of local treatment facilities with subsequent dilution of the residual amount of pollutants. Practice has shown that existing technological processes wastewater treatment contribute to the removal of 95-99% organic matter and 40-99% suspended solids. However, they practically do not reduce the content of salts in them, of which the most dangerous are toxic substances, including carcinogenic ones, which include one of the most toxic - tetroethyl lead.

3. Physical impact of motor transport and methods of its prevention

The level of street noise is determined by the intensity, speed and nature (composition) of traffic flow. In addition, it depends on planning decisions (longitudinal and transverse profile of streets, height and density of buildings) and such landscaping elements as roadway coverage and the presence of green spaces. Each of these factors can change the level of transport noise by up to 10 dB.

In an industrial city there is usually a high percentage of freight transport on highways. Increase in total traffic flow trucks, especially heavy-duty ones with diesel engines, leads to increased noise levels. The noise generated on the roadway of the highway extends not only to the area adjacent to the highway, but also deep into residential areas. Noise levels measured in living rooms with open windows facing the indicated highways are only 10-15 dB lower.

The acoustic characteristics of traffic flow are determined by vehicle noise indicators. The noise produced by individual transport crews depends on many factors: engine power and operating mode, technical condition of the crew, quality of the road surface, and speed. Significant noise is caused by sudden braking of the car when driving at high speed.

Behind Lately average level noise produced by transport increased by 12-14 dB. That is why the problem of combating noise in the city is becoming increasingly acute.

In conditions of strong city noise, the auditory analyzer is constantly stressed. The damage that loud noise causes to hearing depends on the spectrum of sound vibrations and the nature of their changes. The risk of possible noise-induced hearing loss largely depends on the individual.

Noise in big cities shortens a person's life expectancy, and can also cause nervous exhaustion, mental depression, autonomic neurosis, peptic ulcers, disorders of the endocrine and cardiovascular systems, and also significantly disrupts sleep.

To protect people from the harmful effects of urban noise, it is necessary to regulate its intensity, spectral composition, duration of action and other parameters. During hygienic standardization, a noise level is set as acceptable, the influence of which for a long time does not cause changes in the entire complex of physiological indicators, reflecting the reactions of the body systems most sensitive to noise.

Currently, noise for urban development conditions is standardized in accordance with the Sanitary Standards for Permissible Noise in Residential and Public Buildings and on Residential Development Territories (No. 3077-84) and Building Codes and Regulations II.12-77 “Protection from Noise.” Sanitary standards are mandatory for all ministries, departments and organizations designing, constructing and operating housing and public buildings developing projects for the planning and development of cities, microdistricts, residential buildings, neighborhoods, communications, etc., as well as for organizations designing, manufacturing and operating vehicles, technological and engineering equipment of buildings and household appliances.

GOST 19358-85 “External and internal noise of vehicles. Permissible levels and methods of measurement" establishes noise characteristics, methods of their measurement and permissible noise levels of cars (motorcycles) of all samples accepted for state, interdepartmental, departmental and periodic control tests.

Reducing urban noise can be achieved primarily by reducing vehicle noise.

Urban planning measures to protect the population from noise include: increasing the distance between the noise source and the protected object; the use of acoustically opaque screens (slopes, walls and screen buildings), special noise protection strips for landscaping; the use of various planning techniques, rational placement of microdistricts. In addition, urban planning measures include rational development of main streets, maximum landscaping of microdistricts and dividing strips, use of terrain, etc.

4. Mechanical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods for its prevention

Significant areas of land are being alienated for roads. Thus, the construction of 1 km of a modern highway requires up to 10-12 hectares of area, including fertile land. Soil erosion occurs quite quickly, and it takes about 100 years to recreate a fertile layer 1 cm deep. Soil conservation is served by such main directions in the development of transport as the allocation of less agriculturally valuable lands for transport facilities; preservation of traditional hydrological regimes in the area of ​​transport facilities; reduction (better cessation) of soil pollution by harmful components of vehicles.

Abroad and in our country, they are gaining experience in the economic use of land with the development of motor transport, for example, large underground garages are being built in cities. Many new underground structures are planned.

The extraction from the ground of large quantities of metals necessary for the production of vehicles leads to a disruption in the equalization of the energy balance, as a result of which, when this balance is equalized, the consumption or release of energy into space occurs mainly through faults in the lithosphere, and not through ore deposits, as this happened earlier, which began to lead to local earthquakes and local fires.

Road construction affects the hydrological regime of the area, which leads to changes in the composition of biogeocenoses; and deforestation, in turn, leads to changes in floristic composition.

Conclusion

Nature conservation is the task of our century, a problem that has become social. There are several most important reasons for Russia's lag in the environmental sphere:

low culture of car operation. The number of faulty cars still in use is quite high;

lack of strict legal requirements for the environmental qualities of cars. In the absence of sufficiently stringent emission requirements, the consumer is not interested in buying more environmentally friendly, but at the same time more expensive cars, and the manufacturer is not inclined to produce them;

unprepared infrastructure for operating vehicles equipped in accordance with modern environmental requirements;

Unlike European countries, in our country it is still difficult to introduce neutralizers.

IN last years the situation began to change for the better. Although the implementation of strict environmental regulations is happening with a delay of 10 years, it is important that it has begun.

The main ways to reduce environmental damage from transport are as follows:

) optimization of urban transport;

) development of alternative energy sources;

) afterburning and purification of organic fuel;

) creation (modification) of engines using alternative fuels;

) noise protection;

) economic initiatives for vehicle fleet and traffic management

List of used literature

1. Gasoline, make room // Factor. No. 3. 2011. - pp. 40-41.

2. Golubev I.R., Novikov Yu.V. Environment and transport. - M.: Transport, 2007

Guryanov D.I. Environmentally friendly transport: directions of development

// Engineer, technologist, worker. No. 2. 2011. - pp. 12-14.

4. Zhukov S. Natural gas - motor fuel of the XXI century //

Industry today. No. 2. 2011. - P. 12.

5. Kirillov N.G. But the problem is still there - the problem of greening

motor transport of St. Petersburg // Industry Today.

No. 11. 2011. - P.13.

6. Krinitsky E. The environmental friendliness of vehicles should be determined

Federal Law // Automobile transport. No. 9. 2010. - pp. 34-37.

7. Lukanin V.N., Gudtsov V.N., Bocharov N.F. Reducing vehicle noise. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 2011. - 289 p.

8. Naumov Ya. G. Ecology of Russia. - M. 2009.

The technical condition is characterized by the power reserve until the next average or overhaul.

Cars that are fully equipped and have good appearance, their units and devices ensure traffic safety and operational reliability. Only serviceable vehicles that have undergone scheduled maintenance are allowed to be used.

The state of the vehicle fleet is characterized by the average range of vehicles. The power reserve of one car is its possible mileage in kilometers before the next average or major repair.

The power reserve is calculated using the formula:ZX = N - P,

Where: N is the norm between repairs; P - actual mileage.

Example 1. A new ZIL-130 car has been received with a mileage of 6.3 thousand km. Determine the power reserve.

Solution. ZX = N - P; ZX = 135 thousand, km - 6.3 thousand* km = 128.7 thousand* km.

Example 2. We received a GAZ-53A car, which had undergone 23.8 thousand km after major repairs. What is its power reserve?

Solution. ZX = N - P; ZX = 110 thousand, km 23.8 thousand, km = 86.2 thousand km.

The range of each vehicle is determined by inspection. The actual power reserve may differ from the calculated one and depends on the conditions of use, quality of maintenance, etc.

Average vehicle range- the ratio of the sum of the power reserve of all cars to the roster of cars in a given fleet.

Procedure for using cars. All vehicles should be used only for their intended purpose, observing the relevant rules and regulations.

In combat conditions, military vehicles can be used in a wide variety of terrain, climate and road conditions: in mountainous regions, in the north, in desert-sandy areas, etc. Only a small part of military vehicles will move on relatively good roads - in rear areas.

The bulk of cars will be forced to travel off-road: over terrain, column tracks and country roads.

To save motor resources in peacetime, annual operating standards in kilometers are established for cars. In accordance with this, annual and monthly operation and repair plans are drawn up.

Monitoring the technical condition and use of vehicles is carried out by: control inspections carried out by officials; automobile and tractor equipment inspections; during inspection.

Control inspections are carried out periodically by officials to check the technical condition, use, maintenance, maintenance and combat readiness of vehicles. In addition, each vehicle undergoes a weekly inspection of one of the officials parts.

During the inspection of vehicles, the driver of the vehicle being inspected must be present. During the inspection, the condition of all components and mechanisms of the vehicle, the driver’s tools, spare parts, equipment, accessories, lighting and cross-country equipment, the availability of fuel and lubricants are checked. If necessary, start and listen at different crankshaft speeds. It is allowed to check the car with a short mileage.

Based on the results of the control inspection, the technical condition of the vehicles is assessed and a time frame is set for eliminating deficiencies in their maintenance and care.

Inspections of automotive equipment are carried out at least twice a year, as a rule, upon completion of the transfer of vehicles to the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods of operation in order to check the technical condition, correct maintenance and maintenance of vehicles, as well as monitor the condition of the fleets.

The scope of the inspection is determined by a special provision.

"Car", under. ed. I.P. Plekhanov

CONTROL OF TECHNICAL

CONDITION OF VEHICLES

Toolkit

Irkutsk 2006

Monitoring the technical condition of vehicles.

IN methodological manual The procedure for passing vehicles through the checkpoint of the enterprise before leaving the line and when returning to the park is given.

The manual is intended for managers of automobile enterprises, students of special training courses for automotive transport specialists, students educational institutions studying the subject “Road Rules and Safety”

Prepared by:

Irkutsk, Irkutsk branch of FGOU SPO "KATT", 2006.

Bibliography – 5 names

INTRODUCTION

The intensity of traffic on the roads of our country increases every year. It is caused by an increase in the vehicle fleet and the ever-increasing needs of the national economy for road transportation. Currently, road transportation is carried out and will continue to be carried out in the future not only along improved highways, but also on roads not adapted for automobile traffic. Taking into account the significant growth of the vehicle fleet, the appearance on the country's roads of foreign-made cars with different steering positions, this can lead to further complications of traffic and an increase in road accidents if the conditions causing them are not eliminated. These conditions are:

Low discipline of many vehicle drivers;

Lack of professional selection of vehicle drivers;

Insufficient quality of driver training;

Imperfection of educational and methodological means of training drivers;

Low quality of technical maintenance and current repairs of vehicles;

Low quality or lack of medical control of drivers when leaving the line and when returning to the park;

Lack of proper control when releasing vehicles onto the line and when returning them to the park, etc.

ORGANIZATION CONTROL QUALITIES

TECHNICAL STATES TRANSPORT MEANS

1. General part

Quality control of the technical condition of vehicles is an integral part of the production process of any enterprise that has vehicles on its balance sheet. The main task of the technical service of the enterprise is to maintain the rolling stock in technically sound condition, eliminating sudden failures and breakdowns on routes and facilitating the confident work of vehicle drivers.

The ultimate goal of control is to prevent vehicle failures and malfunctions that could cause a traffic accident or affect the outcome of an accident. Therefore, great attention should be paid to checking the technical condition of the rolling stock when it is released onto the line and returned to the enterprise, as well as to monitoring the quality of work performed directly on the vehicle. Quality control carried out by specialists does not relieve the heads of the relevant departments of the enterprise from responsibility for poor quality work and the release of faulty rolling stock onto the line.

The timely identification and elimination of vehicle failures and malfunctions depends on the quality of monitoring the technical condition of rolling stock when returning from the line. Therefore, work at the control and technical point (CTP) should be organized so that all vehicles are inspected in a timely and efficient manner.

Monitoring is carried out visually, using portable devices, as well as using existing equipment for diagnosing the technical condition of vehicles and units. The use of diagnostic tools allows, with minimal time spent, to objectively assess the readiness of vehicles for production on the production line.

In order to exclude the possibility of technically faulty vehicles being released on routes and thereby prevent accidents, returns or downtime of vehicles on routes, regular technical monitoring of their technical condition is organized. To do this, enterprises should organize (create) a checkpoint (CP).

The PTS is equipped in a closed heated and ventilated room and consists of a post with an inspection ditch (overpass or half-overpass), a room for a control mechanic and a set of control instruments.

Checking vehicles after returning to the enterprise is the main form of daily monitoring of the technical condition of rolling stock. The car arrives at the KTP, where it is inspected by a mechanic or an inspector from the Quality Control Department (technical control department), a technical registration sheet is drawn up, after which the car is sent to the point of maintenance, routine repairs or to the parking lot.

When leaving the line, the rolling stock again passes through the transformer substation. At the same time, completeness, the presence of fire-fighting equipment, and the appearance of vehicles that were serviced the day before and found to be in good working order are checked. Cars that have undergone maintenance and especially routine repairs are checked in more detail.

The scope and procedure for checking the technical condition of cars when entering the line and when returning to the park, including checking for road safety, is carried out in accordance with the technical inspection cards.

If during inspection any faults specified in the Vehicle Technical Operation Rules or the Traffic Rules are discovered, then such vehicles should not be released onto the line, but sent to the maintenance and repair area to eliminate the faults.

Currently, checking the technical condition of buses and minibuses on routes, the purpose of which is to prevent accidents, is of current importance. For this purpose, a mandatory technical inspection point should be installed at the final bus stops of the busiest city routes.

2. Control and technical point

The technical control point (CTS) is designed to check the technical condition of rolling stock leaving the fleet and returning to the fleet, the presence and correctness of the vehicle driver’s travel documents, and speedometer readings.

1.Minimum required equipment:

desk;

documentation board;

stationery;

portable box for instrumentation;

electric torch;

gas analyzer or smoke meter;

a device for checking the steering play of a vehicle;

decelerometer;

metal ruler;

a device for checking wheel alignment and camber angles;

hammer with a long handle;

a device for checking the correct installation of headlights;

tire pressure gauge;

calipers;

tachometer;

inspection ditch (lift, overpass or half overpass);

horizontal asphalt platform, length 100 m.

2. Basic documents of the checkpoint:

gearbox mechanic's manual;

instructions on occupational health and safety measures, fire safety, electrical safety;

vehicle maintenance schedule;

instructions (manual) for operating vehicles available at the enterprise;

instructions for technical inspection of rolling stock by the driver, mechanic, quality control mechanic, and other officials;

samples of travel documentation for the vehicle driver;

technical condition monitoring log when releasing and returning a vehicle from the line.

3.Technology for inspection of rolling stock

The procedure for performing inspection of rolling stock is not regulated by existing GOSTs or OSTs. Vehicles with defects and defects that affect road safety, as specified in the traffic regulations, are not allowed to be used.

1.Engine

Starting is difficult and its operation is unstable at low idle speeds. Increased CO and CH contents or exhaust gas opacity (for diesel engines) compared to established standards.

2.Transmission

Faulty or out of adjustment clutch. Difficulty switching on or spontaneously switching off gears.

3.Steering control , front bridge

Increased play in the steering wheel compared to the standards, stiff movement and jamming of the steering. Increased play in the steering rod joints. Violation of normal adjustment of wheel hub bearings.

4.Brake system

Reduction of the established standard of operating efficiency, uneven operation or jamming. Leaking fluid or air from the system. Malfunction of the parking brake lever locking device. Brake light faulty.

5.Chassis Part

Damage or loosening of springs, springs and other suspension parts. Mismatched tire sizes, damage to the frame or malfunction of their beads, extreme or uneven tire tread wear.

6.Cabin And body

Damage to the cockpit, glazing and tail. Malfunction of body side locks and cab doors. Malfunction of the dump truck body lifting mechanism.

7.Working place driver

Malfunction of control devices, windshield wipers, washers and front window heaters, as well as damage to it. Malfunction of ventilation and heating, gas pollution in the driver’s cabin and bus interior.

8.Electrical equipment

Malfunction of sound and external light signals. Violation of their number and installation location.

A more detailed list of faults and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited is given in the Appendix to the Traffic Rules and in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 1, 2001 No. 000.

Driver transport facilities:

On the line while driving, monitors the technical condition of the vehicle according to instrument readings;

Establishes deviations in the operation of the engine, chassis, brake system, steering;

In parking lots, by inspection, monitors the air pressure in the tires, the condition of the coupling device, air or fluid leaks in the brake system, the operation of lighting and alarm systems;

If malfunctions are detected, eliminate them;

If it is impossible to eliminate the malfunction, inform the company and wait for instructions from the person responsible for road safety.

Control mechanic checkpoint:

Long-term practice of operating road transport has established a recommended sequence for performing a technical inspection of a vehicle before leaving the line and when returning to the park, which ensures the elimination of missed control operations and a minimum waste of time. The scope of the control inspection is generally typical for various vehicles and guarantees the provision of rolling stock on the line that meets the technical operation requirements of the vehicle.

The beginning and direction of the inspection is the left side of the cab, the left front wheel and then around the car.

Control operation Requirements

1. Availability and correctness of registration of a driver’s license

travel documentation, waybill, etc.

documentation

2.Condition of the driver's cab carpet No cuts, etc.

3.Checking the steering wheel play. Should not exceed

established standards

4. Handbrake lever stroke Full braking

should happen when

moving the locking

2-6 tooth latches

5. Availability of a first aid kit and signs

emergency stop, fire fighting equipment

sewing, wheel chocks, wide

what kind of lining under the heel of the jack, starting

howl of the handle

6. Condition and fastening of the front Not allowed: through-

left wheel, steering rods, steering bipod - damage to the tire,

of the cord mechanism, ruptures of cord threads,

Continuation of Table 1

___________________________________________________________

tread wear, noticeable

free play in the articulation

yah steering rods

7. Checking the serviceability and fastening of the stepladder springs should

front suspension, oil leakage must be securely tightened

from the engine crankcase, front axle, guide - chutes, oil leakage and

liquefied liquid

8. Cleanliness and serviceability of headlights, sublights - Must be clean

nicknames, license plate

9. Oil level in the engine crankcase, cooling - Using a dipstick, tension

giving fluid, tension, drive belts - by pressing

hand straps on the belt

10. Monitoring the condition and fastening of the right wheel - The same as for the left wheel -

of the front wheel and fender

11. Condition and fastening of doors, stock Doors must be used

wheel, operation of door locks and equal lock, glass

window lifters, presence and condition - connectors and hinges are easy to open -

There are no rear view mirrors, the presence of fuel - bursting and closing.

in the fuel tank The spare wheel must

be securely fastened.

Mirrors are intact and clean

12. Condition and fastening of the right rear - Same as for others

them wheels wheels

13. Condition of side locking hooks Locking hooks must

rear lights, direction indicators, closed

presence and mounting of a license plate

14. Condition and fastening of the rear under - Spring ladder nuts,

weights clamps and fingers reactive

there should be

securely tightened

15. Condition and fastening of the left rear - Same as for others

them wheels wheels

16.Muffler condition It is not allowed to have

cracks and holes

17. Condition and fastening of the left door - The door must be used

cab, rear-view mirrors, work-level lock, glass lift

Continuation of Table 1

you lock and window lifter and hinges are easy to open

close and close securely

18.Checking the free play of the clutch - Free play of the pedals op-

pressure and brakes are released by pressing the switch

give your hand until

will not become noticeable resistance

development, at the same time

by measuring the value of the pe-

pedal movement

19.Checking the internal combustion engine at different frequencies

those rotations, serviceability check

measuring instruments

20.Checking for harmful substances in the otra - Should not exceed the standard

working gases of mative meanings

21. Tire pressure should not exceed standard

mative meanings

22. While the car is moving - ease of movement - When braking, all wheels

gear changes, steering operation should be smooth and uniform

control and the action of the brakes are slowed down

After completing the procedure for checking the technical condition of the vehicle, the control mechanic puts his signature on the waybill, if the car is in technically sound condition, and sends the car to the line. If any malfunction is detected, the car is sent to the maintenance and repair area to eliminate it, which is recorded in the technical condition monitoring log and the “Maintenance and Repair Record Sheet” of the car is filled out.

The control mechanic is fully responsible for the release of vehicles into operation in accordance with Art. 266 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Poor quality repairs of vehicles and putting them into operation with technical faults”, which provides for quite severe measures, especially if in the event of an accident this resulted in the infliction of severe or moderate harm to the health of the victims or material damage was caused.

Annex 1

JOB DESCRIPTION

CONTROL MECHANIC (MECHANICAL)

TECHNICAL CONTROL DEPARTMENT)

(typical)

1. General Provisions

The quality control mechanic monitors the technical condition of the rolling stock when leaving the line and returning from it, as well as after maintenance and repair; appointed to work and released from it by order of the director of the enterprise.

2.Responsibilities

The mechanic is obliged:

Monitor the technical condition of the rolling stock when leaving the line and returning from it, allowing the release of only technically sound rolling stock in accordance with the release schedule and the requirements set out in the Rules of Road Traffic Safety and Traffic Safety Inspectorate and other regulatory documents;

Check the amount of fuel in the tanks of cars, mark on the waybills the actual time of departure and return of the rolling stock, and upon release, also certify with your signature that it is in good condition;

Keep records of the location of rolling stock within the enterprise;

Bring to the attention of management all cases of vehicles not being released onto the line due to poor quality maintenance or repair work;

Keep a log of vehicles being released onto the line and returning from the line.

The mechanic has the right to suspend the production of rolling stock on the line, the technical condition and appearance of which does not meet the requirements of regulatory documents.

4.Responsibility

The mechanic bears administrative and criminal liability for releasing rolling stock onto the line in a technically faulty condition if they lead to a traffic accident.

Bibliography

1. and others. Road safety. M., Transport. 1988.

2. Penezhko traffic on road transport. M., Transport, 1976.

3. etc. Maintenance cars. M., Transport, 1982.

4. etc. Traffic safety in road transport. M., Transport, 1988.

5.Traffic rules. M., Slavic Book", 2006.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Characteristics of the current state of motor transport in Russia

Introduction

Transport is part of the productive forces of society and represents an independent activity of material production. From here, it follows that transport products are of a material nature and are expressed in the movement of the material product of other industries.

Transport products have the following features:

The material nature of transport products lies in the change in the transport position of the transported goods.

In transport, the processes of production and consumption of products are not separated in time; transport products are consumed as a useful effect, not a thing.

Transport products cannot be accumulated for future use; an increase in demand for transportation will require the use of additional transportation capabilities.

In the process of transport operation, no new products are created, but on the contrary, this process is accompanied by the loss of physical volumes of cargo.

Transport products cause additional costs in production sectors, which causes a divergence of interests of the economy in general and the transport industry in particular.

Road transport in Russia carries about 80 of the total volumes of cargo transported by all modes of transport. In recent years, the monopoly of state-owned enterprises in road transport has been eliminated. As a result of corporatization and privatization, motor transport is a “testing ground” for the development of small businesses. The real factor stimulating the development of motor transport has become competition with entrepreneurs of other types of transport. The problems of motor transport include its high resource intensity, negative ecology and large damages from road accidents. Now in charge The corner is to look for opportunities to reduce production costs and distribution costs for the sake of profit. The introduction of pogostic approaches to management has acquired great relevance at the present stage of development of the Russian economy. Freight road transport is experiencing rapid development in market conditions. The growth of Russian commodity markets is ensured, first of all, by the speed of transportation , reliability and the possibility of direct delivery of shipments from door to door, which only a car can provide.

Prospects for the development of feasibility studies. Russia in the global transport system

Road freight transportation is an important factor in the development of the country's economy and ensuring its foreign economic relations. The process of providing transportation involves solving a number of organizational, technological and managerial problems.

The following will contribute to increasing the efficiency of freight transport and its competition in the transport services market:

Replenishment of the fleet of trucks that are in demand in the transport services market, both in terms of body design (dump trucks, vans, refrigerators) and load capacity (up to 3 tons and over 15 tons), based on the introduction of a leasing system favorable for the carrier.

Stabilization of the cost of motor fuel.

Development of freight forwarding companies and transport exchanges that facilitate the search for clients and the provision of additional services related to terminal cargo handling.

Introduction, in order to ensure fair competition, unified forms of primary transportation accounting for all subjects of the transport services market, as well as an effective system of control and their application by interested government and regulatory authorities.

Creation of conditions that encourage the carrier to ensure the safe operation of freight vehicles from the point of view of safe road traffic, the security of contractual relations with all participants in the transport process, and the environment.

An essential factor in the balanced development of transport is the process of fair distribution of costs borne by carriers, society (represented by the state) and users of transport services. The social costs of combating the harmful consequences of transport operation must be compensated not only by strict control and high taxes paid by carriers, but also by correspondingly higher payments for transport services.

The significant importance of these factors for economic development confirms that achieving such a balance becomes one of the main goals of transport policy.

In connection with the expanding integration of the Russian economy into the world community, which will significantly accelerate after joining the WTO, the road transport industry will play an increasingly important role in the development of the country. At the same time, Russian legislation, technical standards and regulations will move closer to European ones. The road transport business will become more “transparent” from an economic and legal point of view, but at the same time the requirements for the quality and efficiency of the carrier’s work will increase.

1. Research section

1.1 Characteristics and classification of goods, containers, method of transportation

All items and materials from the moment they are accepted for transportation until delivery to the recipient are considered cargo. Loads that can roll are called rolling loads. According to the degree of danger, cargo is divided into the following groups: low-hazard (building materials, food products, etc.); dusty and burning (cement, mineral fertilizers, asphalt, bitumen); dangerous goods (transportation of dangerous goods is regulated by special regulatory documents. (Fig. 1)

Heavy load is a load that, when loaded into a vehicle, exceeds at least one of the parameters for the permitted maximum weight of rolling stock or the main loads defined in regulatory documents.

Oversized cargo is cargo that, when loaded into a vehicle, causes the excess of at least one parameter in the maximum overall dimensions of rolling stock defined in regulatory documents.

A long load is a load that, when loaded into a vehicle, protrudes beyond the tailgate by more than 2 meters.

Aluminous cement is produced by grinding rocks rich in alumina, calcined before sintering or fusion, or a mixture of lime and bauxite with a mass fraction of alumina up to 30%. In addition, aluminum slag is often used to produce aluminous cement. Sometimes up to 20...30% of acidic granulated slag is introduced to reduce shrinkage and exotherm, as well as reduce the cost of cement.

The main components of these cements are monocalcium aluminate CaO A12O3, pentacalcium trialuminate 5CaO ZAl2O3 and monocalcium dialuminate CaO-2A12O3) actively interacts with water during mixing:

2(CaO Al2O3)+ nH2O>2CaO Al2O3 8H2O+Al2O3 3H2O.

Cement stone is resistant to running and aggressive waters, since it does not contain free hydrated lime and tricalcium hydroaluminate. This stone is destroyed only by concentrated solutions of magnesium sulfide, alkalis and strong acids.

The density of alumina cement in a loose state is 1000., 1400 kg/m3. The grinding fineness is higher than that of ordinary Portland cement: the residue on sieve No. 008 is no more than 1.0%.

A distinctive feature of this cement is that it hardens quickly under normal conditions. The beginning of setting is no more than 30 minutes, the end is no later than 12 hours from the moment of mixing the cement with water.

Waterproof expansive cement is a mixture of aluminous cement, gypsum and ground highly basic calcium hydroaluminate. It is a fast-setting and fast-hardening hydraulic binder. The beginning of setting is no earlier than 4 minutes, the end is no later than 10 minutes after mixing. It is distinguished by its ability to increase in volume (expand) during the process of setting and hardening. Expansion occurs as a result of the formation of highly basic calcium hydrosulfoaluminates in the hydrating binder medium, the volume of which significantly (1.5...2.5 times) exceeds the volume of the solid components. According to temporary technical conditions, the linear expansion of this cement after 24 hours should be at least 0.2%, and after three days no more than 1%. The compressive strength of the sample after three days should reach 50 MPa when tested at normal density.

Cement cannot be transported in bulk in open bodies of cars and trolleys.

Places for loading and unloading cement should be protected from precipitation and wind.

It is not allowed to store cement in open areas and under canopies, at least under a tarpaulin cover.

Cement warehouses should be located in dry places, ensuring that surface water is drained away from them.

Concrete and mortar, as a rule, should be prepared in centralized concrete and mortar mixing plants.

When preparing concrete and mortar, cement should be dosed only by weight.

Gypsum binders are substances consisting of semi-aqueous gypsum, or anhydrite, and obtained by heating the raw material and grinding it.

Depending on the firing temperature of the raw materials, gypsum binders are divided into: two groups: low-firing and high-firing. Low-firing materials are fast-hardening binders. They are obtained by heating natural dihydrate gypsum CaSO4-2H2O to a temperature of 200 ° C, at which part of the chemically bound water is removed and semi-aqueous gypsum is formed:

CaSO4 2H2O>CaSO4 0.5H2O+1.5H2O.

Low-fired gypsum binders include construction, molding and high-strength gypsum.

Construction gypsum is an air binder material consisting primarily of semi-aqueous gypsum CaSO4 0.5H2O. The technology for producing building gypsum is quite simple. It includes several technological schemes: a) pre-crushed material is ground into powder, which is then fired; b) the raw material is fired after crushing and then grinded; c) grinding and firing are carried out simultaneously in one apparatus (this method is called suspended firing).

The feedstock can be heated in shaft furnaces and rotating drying drums. In this case, burnt plaster is obtained. For heat treatment of natural gypsum, special digesters are also used, in which the so-called “cooking” or “boiled” gypsum is obtained.

Research by Prof. A.V., Volzhensky showed that dihydrous gypsum can be converted into semi-hydrous by mixing ground gypsum with ground quicklime in a 1:1 ratio. The product obtained in this way is called gypsum-lime binder.

When building gypsum is mixed with water, a plastic dough is formed, which, as a result of physico-chemical processes, turns into a solid stone material with sufficiently high strength.

The hardening process of gypsum proceeds according to the reaction

CaSO4 0.5H2O+1.5H2O = CaSO4 2H2O,

resulting in the formation of dihydrate gypsum, similar to the original material.

The main indicators of the properties of building gypsum are tensile strength, fineness of grinding and setting time. Strength depends on the feedstock, dehydration temperature and grinding speed. The first grade of gypsum at the age of 1.5 hours has a compressive strength of 5.5 MPa, and dried to constant weight - 10 MPa, the second - 4 and 7.5 MPa, respectively. High-strength building gypsum has a compressive strength of up to 30...40 MPa; grinding fineness - residue on sieve No. 02 - 15...35% of the sample weight. The setting time of building gypsum is limited: beginning - 4...5 minutes after mixing; end -- 6...30 min.

Transport containers are designed to protect cargo from external factors and to ensure ease of loading and unloading, transportation, storage and attachment to vehicles. For transportation by road, cargo is presented in a wide variety of containers, which can be classified:

By sphere of circulation: one-time, multi-turn;

According to the ability to maintain its shape: rigid (made of metal, wood, plastic); semi-rigid (folding boxes made of polymer materials, cardboard); soft (bags made of fabric, paper, film)

The main types of rigid containers include:

Boxes (wooden, fiberboard, plywood, polythene, corrugated cardboard);

Battens made of slats;

Drums (cardboard, plywood, steel, wood);

Barrels (wooden, steel, aluminum, polymer);

Flasks (milk and for paints and varnishes);

Glass containers;

Containers.

My course project being developed involves the transportation of bulk cargo (crushed stone, sand, coal, expanded clay). To transport such cargo you do not need special containers, you only need to have cars with a folding body.

Depending on the storage mode and the required transportation conditions, cargo is divided into ordinary, perishable, unsanitary and livestock.

The physical, chemical and biological properties of cargo can lead to changes in the mass, volume or integrity of the cargo and a decrease in its quality.

Cargo quality is a set of properties that determine the degree of suitability of the product for its intended use.

Inevitable losses of cargo refer to natural loss, which is normalized during transportation. The standards are established by the manufacturer or consumer of the product and correspond to the maximum amount of natural loss for which the carrier is not responsible.

Table 1 - Cargo classes

Packaged, packaged and container cargo;

Liquid and gaseous cargo;

Pillow weights;

Oversized cargo and heavy cargo.

1.2 Requirements for organizing the work of cargo points

transport freight transportation

Loading and unloading points are facilities where loading and unloading operations and paperwork for the transportation of goods are carried out. (Fig. 2)

The loading and unloading points include:

Access roads and maneuvering areas;

Weighing devices;

Office and household premises;

Means of mechanization, etc.;

Means of operational communication.

Depending on the object being serviced, they are divided into permanent and temporary.

Temporary work centers are organized to service construction projects during harvesting. (Figure 3)

Permanent prp are distinguished by purpose:

Freight bus stations (terminals) are directly involved in the technological chain of cargo delivery by road and, as a rule, belong to ATO or freight forwarding companies;

Freight yards at railway stations ensure the transfer of goods between rail and road transport;

Sea and river transport ports are complex transshipment points that ensure the transfer of goods between several modes of transport;

Load-bearing and cargo-forming points of industrial organizations, which are warehouses of finished products or raw materials and, as a rule, are equipped with stationary loading and unloading mechanisms;

GPP points of trade and consumer service organizations are designed to accept small volumes of cargo and are not equipped with PRM.

The main problems that cause delays and unreasonably high costs when performing pre-production work are the following:

Low level of share of package and container transportation, despite the fact that about 80% of transported AT cargo is suitable for transportation in containers;

The presence of a large number of PRPs with insignificant amounts of work, for which it is inappropriate to install a PRP;

Low level of mechanization of departmental PRPs, for which the transport process plays a secondary role (shops, agricultural organizations). For such transportation, the PRR time is up to half of the total operating time of the PS, and the cost of PRR is about 40% of the cost of transportation;

Insufficient number of specialized automatic telephone exchanges.

One of the most effective ways to carry out PRP is mechanization and automation of these works, which can reduce their duration and make the schedules for their implementation realistic. Due to this, you can get advantages when performing the transport process:

Acceleration of cargo delivery;

Improving cargo safety;

2. Calculation and technological section

2.1 Selection of rolling stock

We select rolling stock based on two parameters:

a) by hourly productivity; b) by energy intensity.

We compare two brands of Kamaz 5411Gs with a semi-trailer ODAZ-9334-dn-20t and Maz 54323-32S with a semi-trailer 939740-dn-20.9t.

1 We determine the hourly productivity of tractor-trailer vehicles using the formula:

Q2=(gn?yc?be?UT) ? (L2+ be) (UT? tn.p), m? h

Where qn is the rated load capacity of the towing vehicle;

yc is the systematic coefficient of utilization of the towing vehicle’s carrying capacity;

be - coefficient of utilization of the vehicle's carrying capacity;

UT - average technical speed, km? h;

L2 - loaded driving distance, km;

tn.p - loading and unloading time per trip, h;

a) KAMAZ 5411Gs on route AB

at a speed of 24 km? h

Q2?=(20?1?0.5?24) ? (320+0.5?24?0.7) =5.45 t? h

at a speed of 28 km? h

Q2? ?==(20?1?0.5?28) ? (320+0.5?28?0.7) =6.08 t? h

Qср=(Q2?+ Q2? ?) ? 2=(5.45+6.08) ? 2=5.76 t? h

b) Maz 54323-32S on route AB at a speed of 24 km? h

Q2?=(20.9?1?0.5?24) ? (32+0.5?24?1) =5.68 t? h

At a speed of 28 km? h

Q2? ?==(20.9?1?0.5?28) ? (32+0.5?28?1) =6.36 t? h

Average performance at various speeds

Qср=(Q2?+ Q2? ?) ? 2=(5.68+6.36) ? 2=6.02 t? h

2.2 We determine the energy intensity of the presented cars using the formula

This=(N????) ? (1000?gн), MJ? T

where N is the fuel consumption rate per 100 km, l;

Fuel density;

Calorific value of fuel, kJ? kg

Et=(25?0.793?42700) ? (1000?20)=42.3 MJ? T

Et=(28?0.793?42700) ? (1000?20.9)=45.4 MJ? T

Based on the above calculations, it is more expedient to use a KAMAZ 5411Bg vehicle with an ODAZ-9334 semi-trailer with a carrying capacity of 20 tons for work on routes. Characteristics of the tractor vehicle:

1 Load capacity - 20t;

2 Wheel formula - 6?4;

3 Gross weight - 19.3 tons;

4 Engine type, power, hp. D-240;

5 Tire size - 260R508; - 300R508;

6 Overall dimensions (internal dimensions) 12300x2500x2080.

2.2 Mechanization of loading and unloading operations during the transportation of goods

Loading and unloading mechanisms are selected based on their operating conditions and ensuring the least downtime of rolling stock and mechanisms at minimal cost. Their choice depends on the following factors:

The nature of the cargo being processed;

Physical properties of the cargo;

Daily volume of cargo processing;

Type of rolling stock.

In this project, it is planned to transport and load cement and gypsum on pallets grade 2PV2, GOST 9078-67 “Flat pallets” with a loading capacity of 2 tons. The gantry crane must lift 2 pallets at a time.

2.2.2 Calculation of the required number of vehicles on the route A-B-B-A

The calculation must begin with the ratio of the carrying capacity of the car and the loading machine, which is determined by the formula

m=ga? gnm=2?5,

where ga is the carrying capacity of the towing vehicle;

gnm - load capacity of the loading machine.

m=20 ? 5=4 cycles

where m is the number of cycles for an n-p car.

The number of loading machines is determined

Nnm=Qm? (We? Tn), t? h

where Qm is the replacement volume of cargo processing (loading and unloading);

We is the operational performance of the loader.

The replacement volume of processing will be

Qcm=Qpl? Dr=42000 ? 220=190.9 t

Determining operational performance

We =WT - Kv?Kg, m? h

where WT is the technical performance of the forklift;

Kv - machine utilization factor over time - 0.8;

Kg - machine utilization coefficient in terms of load capacity - 0.85.

The technical performance of the forklift will be

WT=3600?gpm? TC=3600?5 ? 90=80t

3600 - number of seconds in an hour;

TC - duration of the working cycle, 80?200 sec

We=80?0.8?0.85=54.4 t? h

Nnm=190.9 ? 54.4?10=0.35 units? 1

To confirm the correctness of the loading machine, it is necessary to compare the estimated loading and unloading time with the standard one.

tn p=(qн?vс) ? We?60=20?1 ? 54.4?60=22, min

tn p ? tn n =22?30

We accept a gantry crane - KK-5.

The determination of the number of loading vehicles on other routes is in the same way as in the first ABBA route.

Characteristics of Gantry Crane:

1 Load capacity - 5 tons;

3 Electric motor power - 47 kW;

4 Crane weight - 35.1 tons;

5 Manufacturer - Bureya Mechanical;

6 Lifting height - 9m.

2.3 Selecting the initial loading point on the circular route

Rice. - Scheme of route No. 2 ring

Distances are presented according to the assignment.

To organize the operation of cars, an option is needed in which the sum of zero runs minus the last idle would be minimal.

According to the initial data of the course project, route No. 2 has one zero mileage - 12 km. Singles are not specified.

Based on the conditions of the task, it is advisable to install the first loading point at point “B”.

2.4 Determination of the main technical and operational indicators along the routes

The mileage utilization coefficient per trip?е=0.5, since the route is pendulum with a reverse idle mileage.

Тм = Тн - t0= Тн - l0 ? VT = 10-18 ? 26=9.31h.

VT - average taken.

Calculate the number of riders per shift

Ps=Tm? tе=9.31 ? 3.17=2.68? 3

te=tdv AB + tdvBA+tp-r, hour

te= lсч? VT + lx ? VT + tп-р=32 ? 24+32 ? 28 + 0.7=3.17h

Rides can only be expressed as a whole number, so we round to 3.

Due to the increasing number of riders, we recalculate the vehicle operating time on the route.

Tm?=ne? (lсч+??VT? tп-р) ? (?? VT)=3(32+0.5?26?0.7) ? (0.5?26)=10.38 hours.

Dress up time

Tn?= Tm?+t0=10.38+0.69=11h

Qdn=gn??s?pe=20?1?3=60t;

Rdn=gn??s?pe?lgr=60?32=1920 tkm.

We define

Ae = Qm? (Dр? lQдн)=42000 ? (220?60)=3.18 ? 3 units

The daily mileage of the car will be

lday=(lсч?ze) ? ?+l0=(32?3) ? 0.5+18=210 km

Determine the mileage utilization rate per day of work

C=lgr? lday= (lsch?ne) ? lday=(32?3) ? 210=0.457

Route No. 2 circular Car operating time on the route

Тм = Тн - l0? VT = 8-12? 22=7.46 hours.

Vehicle turnover time

tob=?tdoor rev+?tnp rev,

where?tdv about, ?tnp about - the total time of movement of the vehicle per revolution, and downtime during loading and unloading, hours.

Total movement time per revolution:

Tdv about = tVG+ tGD+ tDE+ tEZh+ tZhZ;

Tdv rev=20 ? 22+8.6 ? 24+12 ? 21+9.6 ? 21+6 ? 28=2.8 hours.

Tnp ob= t Вп+ t Grp+ t Drp+ t Erp+ t Жп;

Tnp ob=0.35+0.7+0.7+0.7+0.35=2.8h.

Tob=2.48+2.8=5.28h.

Pob=Tm? tob=7.46 ? 5.28=1.4? 1

We recalculate the vehicle's operating time on the route and time on duty due to rounding

Tm= Pob? tob=1?5.28=5.28h

Tn?= Tm?+t0=5.28+12 ? 22=5.82h

Daily vehicle output in tons

Qdn=gn?(?VG+ ?GD+ ?DE+ ?Hedgehog)?Pob, t

Qday=20?(1+1+1+1)?1=80t.

Daily output in tonne-kilometres

Rdn=gn?(?lVG+ ?lGD+ ?lDE+ ?lEZh)?Pob,

Рдн=20?(1?20+1?0.6+1?12+1?9.6)?1=1004tkm.

Operating number of vehicles on the route

Ae= (QВГ+ QГД+(QДЭ+ QЭж) ? (Dр? Qдн) ,

Ae=(40000+32000+31000+21000) ? (220?80)=7

Daily mileage of one car

lday=lob?Pob+l0 - lx;

lday=(lVG+ lGD+ lDE+ lEZH+ lZhZ)?Pob+l0? - lх;

lday=(20+ 8.6+ 12.0+9.6)?1+12 - 6;

Daily mileage utilization rate

?=(lgr?Pob) ? lday=(50.2?1) ? 56.2=0.893

Pendulum route No. 3

Determine the operating time of the car on the route

Тм = Тн - (l0?+ l0? ?) ? ((VT ?+ VT ? ?) ? 2)= 10-(5+8) ? ((20+22) ? 2)=9.38 hours.

Calculate the number of trips per day

Pe=Tm? tе=9.38 ? 3.04=3.08? 3

te= tdv (IR) + tdv (CI) + tp-r;

te=lIK? VT ?+ lKI? VT? ?+ tп-р=25 ? 20+24 ? 22+0.7=304h

Due to the rounding of the number of trips, we recalculate the vehicle’s operating time on the route and in the work order.

Route time

Тм?=Пе (lgrIK+ lgrKI +??VT? tpr) ? (?? VT)=3(25+24+1?21?0.7) ? (1?21)=9.8 hours.

Dress up time

Tn?= Tm?+t0=9.1+0.62=9.72h

Daily output in tons and tkm

Qdn=gn??s?Pe=20?1?3=60t

Рдн= Qдн?(lсч+lсч)=60?(25+24)=2940tkm.

Operating number of vehicles on the route

Ae= (QIK+ QKI) ? (Dр? Qдн)=(50000+50000) ? (220?60)=7.57 ? 8

Daily vehicle mileage

lday=(lgrIK+ lgrKI)?Pe+l0? + l0? ?- lx=(25+24)?1+5+8 - 0=160km;

Determining the daily mileage utilization rate

Lgr? lday=(lgr IR+ lgr CI)?Pe? lday=(25+24)?3 ? 160=0.918

Determination of average indicators for routes No. 1, No. 2, No. 3

Average time in outfit

Tn.sr=(?Ae?Tn) ? ?Ae)=(3?11+7?5.82+8?9.72) ? (3+7+8)=8.42h

Average daily vehicle mileage by route

lday =(?Ae? lday) ? ?Ae=(AeAV? lday+ AeVZ? lday+ AeIK? lday) ? (AeAV+ AeVZ+ AeIK)

lday =(3?210+7?56.2+8?160) ? (3+7+8)=128km

Average mileage utilization by route

Ср= (?Ае? lgr) ? (?Ae? lday)=(AAB? lgr+ AVZ? lgr+ AIK? lgr) ? (AAB? lday+ AVZ? lday+ AIC? lday)

Avg=(3?96+7?50.2+8?147) ? (3?210+7?56.2+8?160)=1.06

2.5 Production program for operation

The production program for the operation of rolling stock of road transport is developed on the basis of indicators of the transportation plan, data on the number of rolling stock for the planned period and the estimated productivity of vehicles in accordance with the technical and operational indicators adopted in the plan in Table 1.

The production program includes quantitative indicators of the operation of rolling stock.

They are calculated based on data on the number of rolling stock, technical and operational indicators and productivity.

Quantitative indicators include: the stay of vehicles at the ATP, days in operation, time on duty, idle time of vehicles under load and unloading and unloading, in motion, the total mileage of vehicles, the volume of cargo transportation and cargo turnover. All calculated indicators are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2 - Technical and operational indicators.

The name of indicators	Route 1 (designation)	Route 2 (designation)	Route 3 (designation)	Total and average indicators
1.Volume of cargo transportation, t
2. Freight turnover, t km (days)
3.operating number of cars
4.Car-days in operation
5.Car watch in outfit, h
6.Fleet utilization rate
7. Actual time on duty, h
8. Mileage utilization rate
9.Daily vehicle mileage, km
10. Loaded vehicle mileage, km (for the billing period)
11.Total mileage of vehicles, km (for the billing period)
12.Freight turnover for the entire volume

2.5.1 Vehicle days in operation by route

No. 1 ADe = AedDr=3·220=660

No. 2 ADe = AedDr=7·220=1540

No. 3 ADe = AedDr=8·220=1760

2.5.2 Car-watch in outfit, h

No. 1 AChn = ADe · T "n = 660 · 11 = 7260 h

No. 2 ACn = 1540·5.82 =8962.8 h

No. 3 ACn = 1760·9.72 =17107.2 h

2.5.3 Fleet utilization rate

U= Dr/Dk = 220/360 =0.61

2.5.4 Daily vehicle mileage for the billing period

No. 1 ?day = ls.s· ADe = 210·660 =138600 km

No. 2 ?day = 56.2·1540 =86548 km

No. 3 ?day = 160·1760 =281600 km

2.5.5 Loaded mileage for the billing period, km

No. 1 ?gr = lgr·ADe = 96·660 =63360 km

No. 2 ?gr = 50.2·1540 =77308 km

No. 3 ?gr = 147·1760 =258720 km

2.5.6 Mileage utilization rate for the period

No. 1? = ?g / ?day = 63360 / 138600 = 0.457

№2 ? = 77308 / 86548 = 0,893

№3 ? = 258720 / 281600 = 0,918

2.5.7 Total vehicle mileage for the billing period, km

No. 1 ?total = ?land ·Ae = 138600·3 = 415800 km

No. 2?total = 86548·7 = 605836 km

No. 3 ?tot = 281600 8 = 2252800 km

2.5.8 Freight turnover for the entire volume of transportation, tkm

No. 1? P = Rsush·ADe = 1920·660 = 1267200 tkm

No. 2? P = 1004·1540 = 1546160 tkm

No. 3 ? P = 2940·1760 = 5174400 tkm.

3. Organizational section

3.1 Freight management

Freight transport management system

Management is a function organized systems, providing targeted influence on participants in the production process to maintain a certain structure, mode of activity and achieve pre-planned results. The purpose of management is to ensure the effective and systematic use of all resources to achieve the highest final production results at minimal cost.

Operational transportation planning means the preparation of daily transportation plans in accordance with customer orders based on the specific situation and the availability of rolling stock ready for operation. When operationally planning transportation, a work plan (shift-daily plan) is drawn up for each car, bus, road train, providing for the number of trips, flights or turns, a certain volume of transport work, the amount of money received (revenue plan), as well as the traffic mode. The traffic mode can be specified in the form of a traffic schedule, a traffic schedule or a given technical speed and normalized downtime during loading and unloading.

Orders for transportation are accepted in writing or by telephone (in the form of a telephone message), if transportation is carried out under a contract. Transportation orders contain the following data: name and address of the sender and his details, point of departure (exact address), name of the cargo, type of packaging, number of pieces and weight of the cargo, destination (exact address), name and address of the recipient, who and by what means Loads and unloads cargo. All transportation orders are recorded in a special journal in the order they are received. If there is an order for transportation with new objects of loading and unloading operations along a route along which transportation has not previously been carried out, then it is necessary to obtain data determining the conditions of transportation (characteristics of access roads, loading and unloading front, means of mechanization of work, illumination at night , opening hours of points, road category, distance). It is rational to obtain this data through direct inspection of the object by employees of a motor transport enterprise. The transportation distance is determined using reference tables or by measuring on a map with a curvimeter.

Curvimeter is a device for measuring the length of curved lines on maps and plans. It has an impeller, which is rolled along the route on the map and, taking into account its scale, the distance of transportation is determined. There are devices installed on the vehicle that record the exact distance of transportation (route length).

Daily operational transportation plan “Serves as a governing document on the basis of which fleets organize their work for the planned day, the duty dispatcher controls the release of rolling stock and organizes its work on the line, line dispatchers manage the work of rolling stock in accordance with operational tasks.

The daily operational transportation plan is developed by the senior dispatcher in the form according to Appendix 4. The plan is drawn up separately for groups of vehicles (flatbed, dump trucks, specialized) and sequentially for loading objects.

When developing an operational plan, special attention is paid to maximizing the coordination of transportation by organizing the movement of rolling stock along rational routes.

The volume of work provided for by the daily operational plan must ensure the loading of the vehicle fleet based on the average daily transportation tasks established for it by the state plan and the most important technical and operational indicators, primarily fleet utilization and mileage rates, taking into account the fulfillment and overfulfillment of the monthly plan.

The daily operational plan is handed over to the duty officer, the fleet manager, for execution.

3.2 Concept of documents

Documentation is a collection of media sources of information used in economic activity auto enterprises, documents are properly drawn up, signed and certified business papers that document various business transactions, legal relations and actions legal entities and citizens.

A document (Latin word - evidence) is an act in written form certifying the existence of facts of legal significance. It is a carrier of fixed information of a scientific, technical, economic, operational, production and administrative nature. (Figure 4)

For the first time this word was introduced into the Russian language by Peter-? as written evidence. A document in a broad sense is any information in any language.

Figure 4 - Document classification scheme.

Basic regulatory documents regulating the activities of road transport in Russian Federation.

State regulation of road freight transport is carried out through the issuance of relevant legislative acts, economic methods, state support for certain enterprises and areas of transport activity, and taxation.

The Basic Law of the Russian Federation - the Constitution - contains legal norms of a fundamental nature on the foundations of the constitutional system and the federal structure of the state. Article 8 of the Russian Constitution guarantees the unity of the economic space, the free movement of goods, services and financial resources, and free economic activity. Private, state, municipal and other forms of property are recognized and protected equally.

The most important source of motor transport law is the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which provides the legal basis for concluding contractual relations regarding the provision of transport services.

SHIPPING

Article 784, General provisions on transportation

Transportation of goods, passengers and luggage is carried out on the basis of a contract of carriage.

General conditions of transportation are determined by transport charters and codes, other laws and rules issued in accordance with them.

The conditions for the transportation of goods, passengers and baggage by certain types of transport, as well as the responsibilities of the parties for these transportations, are determined by agreement of the parties, unless otherwise established by this Code, transport charters and codes, other laws and rules issued in accordance with them.

Article 785. Contract for the carriage of goods

Under a contract for the carriage of goods, the carrier undertakes to deliver the cargo entrusted to him by the sender to the destination and hand it over to the person authorized to receive the goods (recipient), and the sender undertakes to pay the established fee for the carriage of goods. 2. The conclusion of a contract for the carriage of goods for the carriage of goods is confirmed by the preparation and issuance to the sender of the goods of a bill of lading (a bill of lading or other document for the goods provided for by the relevant transport charter or code).

Article 797. Delivery of vehicles, loading and unloading of cargo

1. The carrier is obliged to provide the sender of the cargo for loading within the period established by the application (order), contract of carriage or contract for the organization of transportation, serviceable vehicles in a condition suitable for the transportation of the relevant cargo.

The sender of the cargo has the right to refuse submitted vehicles that are not suitable for transporting the relevant cargo.

Loading (unloading) of cargo is carried out by the transport organization or the sender (recipient) in the manner prescribed by the contract, in compliance with the provisions established by transport charters and codes and the rules issued in accordance with them.

Loading (unloading) of cargo, carried out by the forces and means of the sender (recipient) of the cargo, must be carried out within the time limits stipulated by the contract, unless such time limits are established by transport charters and codes and the rules issued in accordance with them.

Article 794. Responsibility of the carrier for failure to deliver vehicles and the sender for failure to use provided vehicles

The carrier for failure to provide vehicles for the carriage of cargo in accordance with the accepted application (order) or other agreement, and the sender for failure to present cargo or for failure to use the provided vehicles for other reasons, bear the responsibility established by transport charters and codes, as well as by agreement of the parties.

The carrier and sender of the cargo are released from liability in cases of failure to deliver vehicles or failure to use provided vehicles, if this occurred due to:

force majeure, as well as other natural phenomena (fires, drifts, floods) and military actions;

termination or restriction or limitation of the transportation of goods in certain directions, established in the manner prescribed by the relevant transport charter or code;

in other cases provided for by transport charters and codes.

The main regulatory document regulating the activities of road transport in a planned economy was the Charter of Road Transport of the RSFSR, the first edition of which was published back in 1970. As part of the development of the Charter, Rules for the transportation of goods by road were developed.

It should be noted that at present, the Rules for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road, approved by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation on 08.08.1995 No. 73, should be included among the regulatory documents in force.

The Civil Code (CC) stipulates that the transportation of goods is carried out on the basis of the Contract of Carriage.

In accordance with GOST R 51005-96 “Transport services. Freight transportation”, high-quality transportation can be considered transportation that meets the following requirements: safety of cargo (delivery without loss, damage, contamination. Lost); timely delivery in accordance with the agreement with the customer or the vehicle schedule; reliability, speed, meeting specific customer needs, etc. The very essence of the standard lies in the need to design and implement the transport process in such a way as to fully satisfy the needs of the customer.

An album of unified forms of primary accounting documentation was developed by NIPIstatinform of the Goskomstat of Russia on the basis of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 8, 1997 No. 835. The forms of primary accounting documentation were agreed upon with the Ministry of Finance of Russia and the Ministry of Economy of Russia and approved by the Decree of the Goskomstat of Russia dated November 28, 1997. No. 78.

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation

Order No. 68 of June 30, 2000 On the introduction of travel documentation for individual entrepreneurs engaged in transportation

Activities in road transport

Charter of road transport and urban ground electric

Rules for transporting goods by road

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ON APPROVAL OF THE REGULATIONS ON THE FEATURES OF WORKING HOURS AND TIME OF 1 DAY OF THE DRIVER OF THE TELEVISION AND A V1 O OF MOBILES.

Standard for freight transportation GOST R 51005 - 96 Transport services. Freight transportation. Nomenclature of quality indicators.

3.3 Labor organization of drivers

The organization of the work of drivers is of utmost importance not only from the point of view of the efficiency of the transport process, the safety of cargo and traffic, but also from the point of view of the safety of all road users. The work and rest schedule of drivers should prevent accumulated fatigue, nervous and physical stress.

The organization of the work of drivers is based on the regulations on working time and rest time for car drivers. The provision applies to all drivers working under an employment contract and individual entrepreneurs, regardless of the organizational form and departmental subordination of the organization, except for drivers engaged in international transportation.

Unlike most other professions, the driver can set up a summary record of working time, usually for a month, based on the hourly duration of working time per week. When accounting for working time in aggregate, the duration of a driver’s work shift can be set to no more than 10 hours. If the driver's stay in the car is expected to last more than 12 hours, two drivers are sent on the trip and a car equipped with a sleeping place for the driver to rest must be used.

The driver’s working time includes:

Driving time (during a shift cannot exceed 9 hours);

Time of stops for short rest;

Preparatory and final time for performing work before leaving, before returning from the line;

Time of medical examination of the driver;

Parking time at loading and unloading points;

Downtime is not the fault of the driver;

The time the driver is present at the workplace when he is not driving a car when two drivers are sent on a trip

Drivers are given a break for rest and food lasting no more than 2 hours, no later than 4 hours after the start of work. If the shift is longer than 8 hours, two breaks are provided. The duration of international rest in a place with a break for rest and food must be at least twice the duration of work in the shift preceding the rest.

The weekly uninterrupted rest period must immediately precede or follow the daily rest period and its duration must not be less than 42 hours. In case of sliding holidays, the number of days of weekly rest should not be less than the number of full weeks of this month.

When organizing the work of drivers, the following regulatory documents are applied:

- “Labor Code of the Russian Federation”;

- “Regulations on working time and rest time for drivers dated June 25, 1999 No. 16”;

- “Regulations on the peculiarities of the work schedule and rest time of drivers dated August 20, 2004 No. 15.”

Planned working hours for drivers:

Fpl= (Dk- Dv- Dp) Tcm- Dpp 1 Dsub 2 = (30-4) 7-1-8 = 173 h

Planned number of driver changes per month

Psm = Fpl / Tnsr + tn3 = 173 / 6.14 +0.38 = 26.5

Take Psm = 26 [Table 3]

We determine the driver’s actual working time for the month:

Ffact = Psm · (Tnfsr + tn-3) = 26 · (6.14+0.38) = 169.52 h

The driver's deficiency amounts to

F = Fpl - Ffact = 173 - 169.52 = 3.48h

Conclusion

The course project developed the transportation of cement and gypsum using the container method.

Given a brief description of of the specified materials, rational rolling stock and loading machines were selected.

As a result of determining technical and operational indicators on rational routes, the mileage utilization coefficient was obtained? = 0.787, the fleet utilization coefficient was 0.61

As a result of the use of rational routes, vehicle productivity per ton of carrying capacity increased by an average of 2-3 times and amounted to routes No. 1-2100t; No. 2-6200t; No. 3 - 5000t.

The graphic part shows a route diagram with diagrams of cargo flows.

Work compatibility schedule and technical and operational indicators.

Bibliography

1 Aaron Yu.A. Warehousing and transport and operational business, M., Transport, 1975.

2 Batishchev I.I. Organization and mechanization of loading and unloading operations in road transport. M: Transport 1988.

3 Ekhnovich A.S. Brief reference book on physics, M, graduate School, 1969

4 Journal. Freight and passenger services No. 10 - 2003.

5 Builder’s Handbook “Loading and Unloading Work”, edited by Ryauzov M.P. , M., Stroyizdat, 1988.

6 Brief automobile reference book., M., NIIAT.2006

7 Savin V.I. Transportation of goods by road., M., “Depot and Service” 2002.

8 Dektyarev G.N. Organization and mechanization of loading and unloading operations in road transport, M., transport, 1980.

9 Raff M.I. Freight road transport, Kyiv: Higher School 1985.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Similar documents

Scientific foundations for the rational use of freight vehicles, the development of scientific and technological progress. Characteristics of natural and economic conditions of the economy. Peculiarities of operating a truck fleet. Development of a production work plan.

course work, added 06/14/2015


Features of the container transport system. Requirements for organizing the work of cargo points and the specifics of rolling stock. Mechanization of loading and unloading operations during the transportation of goods. Operational daily planning and transportation management.

course work, added 01/06/2012


Characteristics of the transported cargo. Analysis of cargo flows by quarter of the year. Requirements for organizing the work of cargo points. Selection and justification of rolling stock. Production program for operation. Annual contract and agreements for cargo transportation.

course work, added 04/03/2014


Bulk and bulk cargo transported on ships without containers. Directions for the development of specialized vessels for the transportation of bulk cargo. Creation of a universal vessel. Characteristics of highly specialized and combined vessels, cargo equipment.

abstract, added 01/15/2013


Main types of funds and general characteristics automobile refrigerated transport. Transport operating conditions and design requirements for refrigerated vehicles. Sanitary and hygienic requirements for the maintenance of refrigerated vehicles.

abstract, added 02/13/2011


Drawing up a diagram of vehicle routes. Construction of a diagram of cargo flows. Selection of loading and unloading machines. Determination of the main technical and operational indicators along the cargo transportation route. Requirements for organizing the work of cargo points.

course work, added 04/08/2016


Characteristics of the transported cargo. Requirements for organizing the work of cargo points. Mechanization of loading and unloading operations during the transportation of goods. Operational daily planning and transportation management. Features of the organization of work of drivers.

course work, added 03/20/2014


Basic provisions of the legal regulation of cargo transportation by rail. Licensing and agreement for the carriage of goods by rail: conclusion and termination of the agreement, rights and obligations of the parties, responsibility of the carrier and sender.

abstract, added 07/23/2008


The essence and possibilities of transporting goods by sea, the advantages and disadvantages of this type of transportation. Conducting an analysis of the current state of the sea container transportation market as the cheapest and safest type of cargo transportation.

course work, added 10/26/2012


Classification of dangerous goods by degree of danger and physical and chemical properties. Legal regulation of the transportation of dangerous goods. Rules for packaging, marking and placing on board a cargo package with dangerous goods when transported by air.

Must meet a number of requirements. Persons with incomplete higher education in the relevant field or complete vocational education are allowed to work in this specialty. In this case, the experience must be at least one year.

General rules

Vehicle technical condition inspector enrolled in the staff and dismissed by order of the director. Local documents define the persons to whom the employee is directly subordinate and whose activities he has the right to direct. Vehicle technical condition inspector in case of absence, may be replaced by an employee appointed according to established rules. In this case, such a person receives the corresponding rights and is responsible for the improper performance of the tasks assigned to him.

Vehicle technical condition inspector: instructions

To carry out activities, an employee must know:

1. Design features, structure, requirements for serviceable vehicles.
2. Means and methods for checking the condition of machines.
3. Types of faults to be identified.
4. Principles of operation of computer diagnostic systems, procedures for handling them.
5. Rules for drawing up complaint documentation for the quality of maintenance and repair of machine parts and units.
6. OT rules.

Responsibilities of a vehicle technical condition inspector

The employee checks the serviceability of the vehicle before leaving and after returning to the parking lot. In this case, the specialist uses computer diagnostic systems (if available). In case of malfunctions, it is prohibited to enter the line. The employee’s tasks also include checking the quality of the vehicle maintenance work performed. The specialist monitors the process of receiving components and assemblies after their repair and assembly. If damage is detected, the employee draws up the appropriate documentation. He also prepares and records troubleshooting and repair requests. Thus, by implementing his tasks, the employee to a certain extent influences. When carrying out his activities, an employee must know, understand and apply current industry regulations, including those regulating environmental and labor protection.

Rights

The controller can:

1. Take measures to eliminate and prevent any inconsistencies and violations.
2. Receive guarantees provided by law.
3. Demand assistance in implementing the tasks assigned to him.
4. Familiarize yourself with the contents of draft documents related to his activities.
5. Require the formation of organizational and technical conditions for the proper performance of duties, provision of the necessary inventory and equipment.
6. Request and receive documentation, information, materials to carry out their activities, implement the provisions of acts adopted by the head.
7. Improve your qualifications.
8. Report all inconsistencies and violations discovered during operations to management and submit proposals for their elimination.
9. Get acquainted with the documentation defining his duties and rights, the criteria by which the quality of his work is assessed.

Responsibility

The controller is responsible for:

1. Untimely execution of tasks assigned to him in accordance with industry, including local, acts.
2. Failure to comply with the rules of the enterprise, occupational health, safety, fire protection and
3. Disclosure of information about the organization related to trade secrets.
4. Failure to comply or improper compliance with the requirements of internal regulations, legal orders of the head of the enterprise.
5. Offenses committed during the implementation of assigned tasks. Responsibility occurs within the framework provided for by administrative, civil, and criminal regulations.
6. Causing property damage to an enterprise within the limits established by law.
7. Illegal use of powers granted to an employee in connection with his activities, including for personal purposes.

Production of machines on line

Road safety regulated by federal law. In accordance with the provisions of Article 20 of Article 196-FZ, entrepreneurs and legal entities transporting vehicles must organize and carry out a pre-trip inspection. The purpose of this procedure is to prevent faulty machines from entering the line. The vehicle is checked according to the established production scheme:

1. A responsible employee is determined who will act as a controller.
2. The area where the inspection will be carried out is equipped.
3. A list of faults is determined, the presence of which is grounds for prohibiting the release of the vehicle on the line.

Qualification

To appoint an enterprise employee to the position of vehicle inspector, a professional retraining. Vehicle technical condition inspector receives knowledge within the framework of special programs. They are developed by specialized educational institutions. The order of the Ministry of Education and Science established the minimum volume of the course that an inspector of the technical condition of vehicles must attend. The training takes at least 250 hours.

Check point

The technical control area must be equipped in a heated, closed, ventilated room equipped with a canopy. It provides an inspection pit with lighting and sockets for connecting portable 12 V lamps. The point is equipped with a room for the employee performing the vehicle inspection. must comply with the parameters provided for by ONTP standards 01-91. Control points are equipped with:

1. Devices for checking and adjusting headlights.
2. Tire pressure gauge.
3. A device for checking the steering system play.
4. Gas analyzer (for diesel and gasoline engines).
5. A ruler for checking wheel alignment.
6. Locksmith tools.
7. Portable lamp.

Additionally

The vehicle is released onto the line after assessing the condition of individual systems, units, components of the vehicle itself and the trailer. Indicators must comply with the requirements of regulations. For the braking system, at the entrance to the inspection point, the driver abruptly stops the vehicle. The condition of the parking lot is assessed at the exit. In the inspection pit, the hydraulic brake is inspected and checked for tightness and the pneumatic system is listened to (with the pedal pressed). The total steering play is measured on a stationary vehicle using a special device that records the angle and the beginning of the turn. The vehicle may be released if it is found to be in good working order. Admission must be confirmed by the signature of the employee who performed the inspection. The autograph is affixed to the Serviceable vehicle and is accepted by the driver, who confirms the proper condition of the car with a signature.