They are used to paint medical equipment, roofing materials, household appliances, objects made of ceramics, plaster and glass, and furniture. Powder coating of wheels is becoming increasingly popular among car enthusiasts. Organizing a business These works in specialized centers are quite expensive today. If you want to try yourself in this business, then if you have financial resources, you can start. Of course, not everyone can afford a powder coating line (automated system), but thanks to our recommendations, you will be able to replace some elements with other tools at first. Start with small items. These can be plaster figurines, ceramic dishes and much more. Try painting something in your home first (start with something you don't mind ruining).

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Powder painting itself, which is carried out in a chamber using special spray guns. 5. Formation of coating. After painting, the product is polymerized in an oven.
Within half an hour the product heats up and the paint turns into a film. Duration and temperature depend on the type of product. After this treatment it is dried and painting is completed.

Scope of application This method is used for forged, aluminum, galvanized products. It is used in various fields: from medicine to the automotive industry.

It allows you to paint even clay and wood. Organizing your own business Despite the fact that starting a business will require a lot of money, such services are also quite expensive. Therefore, the costs will be recouped quickly. You can start with small items in a small garage.

And when the necessary skills and funds appear, move on to more serious orders.

Powder coating - is there any prospects for this business?

For industries where more than 50,000 m² of surface is covered per year, continuous powder coating production lines are used. Despite the difference in production volumes, the equipment in both cases is the same and differs only in power.
The set of basic equipment for powder coating includes (prices are as of January 2017):

• Spray chamber (from 100 thousand rubles) and recuperator (from 80 thousand rubles). A special chamber where the main paint application process takes place.

  The chamber is equipped with filters and a recuperator to capture unsettled paint and return it to the production cycle. As a rule, the walls of the chamber are coated with a special antistatic agent.

• Sprayer and feeder for powder coating (from 60 thousand rubles).

  The sprayer is designed for applying paint to the product to be painted.

Your own business in powder coating of metal products

Powder coating is becoming increasingly popular today. What is it? This is a modern technology designed to produce high quality decorative and protective coatings.

The work uses polymer powders (hence the name “powder”). They turn into coating due to exposure to high temperatures.

Because of this peculiarity of the procedure, powder coating of metal and glass is most common. Advantages This process has a number of positive aspects.

These include: - Cost-effectiveness. The fact is that such paint can be reused if it does not settle when sprayed on the surface being treated. Thus, material loss is no more than 5%.

By the way, this figure for conventional paints will be 8 times higher - about 40%. Also in this case there is no need for solvents.

— Ease of use.

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The most commonly used method for applying paint is electrostatic spraying. In this case, powder coating guns are used.

These tools are also called sprayers or applicators. This device is a pneumatic sprayer that applies an electrostatically charged substance to a previously grounded part.

Formation of the coating We move on to the next stage of work. The paint is applied, now you need to form the coating. First of all, the product is sent to the oven for polymerization. Such chambers can be different: vertical, horizontal, again, dead-end or pass-through, single-pass and multi-pass. The mentioned powder coating equipment ensures heating of the surface to a certain temperature – 150-220 °C. The treatment lasts about half an hour, resulting in the formation of a film.

Business plan: powder coating of metal products.

Instead, at first you can use a cyclone-type vacuum cleaner. In this case, you need to first check the power of the electrical network in the room and make sure that there is grounding. If you plan to work with large items, then you should also consider purchasing a transport system. In it, the workpieces are moved on special trolleys that move on rails.

This is how a powder coating line is built. Such equipment improves the productivity of the process, ensuring its continuity.

Powder coating technology The process of performing the work itself is divided, as you can already understand, into several stages:

1. We will talk about each stage separately. Preparing the product, or rather its surface, for processing.
2. Application of paint in powder form.
3. Polymerization, i.e.

We continue to consider ideas for making money in the field of car maintenance and repair. In this article we will talk about car rims. During the operation of the vehicle, the discs wear out a lot, and this significantly spoils the overall appearance of the car. Buying new wheels is very expensive, and many people simply decide to update the paintwork on these car parts. For this purpose, there are specialized workshops that mostly work with powder coating technology for discs, and the result after quality work is done lasts a very long time.

We will try to figure out how to open a wheel painting business, what points should be taken into account, how to attract clients and how much start-up capital is needed to start a business in this niche.

Typically, such workshops work with both stamped and cast wheels, and due to this, every car owner can become your potential customer. Yes, but don't forget about competition. You need to look at the location of such workshops, find out prices and reviews about the quality of their work. Since there is a demand and these car elements require constant care, there is a job for every master, the main thing is the quality of the work, an adequate price tag and an advertising budget.

The main advantages of powder coating wheels include:

• Excellent physical and chemical properties of the coating, which significantly increases the service life of the product after painting, in comparison with the same acrylic paint.
• Anti-corrosion and impact-resistant properties.
• Losses during powder coating are only 1-4%, compared to acrylic. Where losses can reach 40%.
• Hardening of the material for 30 - 40 minutes.

If we talk about economic indicators, then there are also a number of advantages:

• Low percentage of waste, since the powder that does not fall on the part is drawn in by special equipment and re-fed to the spray gun.
• The simplicity of the technology will allow you, as a business owner, to quickly train staff.
• Environmentally friendly technology.

It is based on these factors that we will consider powder technology for applying paints and varnishes as the main one for our business, both from the point of view of economic indicators and the performance characteristics necessary for the client.

Wheel painting technology

The entire process of painting wheels with powder paint can be divided into the stage of mechanical processing and application of paint and varnish. Let's take a closer look at the sequence of work.

1. Cleaning from dust and dirt with a brush.
2. Processing of discs on a sandblasting stand, with the help of which all remnants of old paint and varnish are removed. The work is carried out in special suits, or in a sandblasting chamber with an automated control system.
3. The products are placed in a bath with a degreaser and wait until they dry.
4. Next they are sent to an oven for polymerization. This is a heated chamber where the discs are heated.
5. Using guides, they are removed from the chamber and a primer is applied with a powder paint gun. Next, the discs are again brought into the oven.
6. The next step is applying a final coat of paint. It is applied to the entire surface of the disc, like a primer, and then sent to an oven to polymerize the material.
7. After this, the honey mushroom discs are transported from the chamber to the painting stand, where a finishing layer of varnish is applied and again placed in the chamber. After warming up, take them out, wait until they cool down and at this point the painting stage is completed.

All movements of metal products throughout the paint shop occur due to installed transport guides, so no one touches the disks, which allows you to get a high-quality result.

Now let’s look at the organizational aspects of starting a powder coating business for wheels.

Work room

If you have your own garage that can be converted into a workshop, this is great, in this way you can significantly increase the profitability of your business. If there is no room, you will need to rent a box or a separate garage. The area of ​​the premises for work is from 35 sq.m. and more.

Communications must be connected to the room: electricity, a powerful ventilation system with forced exhaust hoods. Also consider room heating and high-quality lighting of work areas.

The workshop premises are usually divided into several zones: a preparatory room, where sandblasting equipment and a bath for degreasing parts are installed, a painting zone with a mechanism for collecting unused powder paint and re-feeding it to the spray gun, and a polymerization and drying zone for discs, which is a chamber.

The garage will need to be redecorated, and the space can be segmented using a metal profile and drywall.

The location of your workshop is important, primarily as an advertisement for your business. A bright sign near the main road in your city can be a good channel to attract customers. But you can also work in garage areas, but you will need to invest money in advertising.

Equipment for work

Before you start a business painting car wheels, you need to calculate the budget for the purchase of equipment for the workshop.

Here is a list of what you will need for work.

• Powerful air compressor.
• Sandblasting gun.
• Cleaning table.
• Bath for degreasing material.
• Painting stand.
• Spray gun for powder paint.
• Polymerization chamber.
• A transport system that consists of guides and transport hooks.
• Hand tool.

The largest part of the budget for launching this business will be taken up by the following items: polymerization chamber - cost $1600 - $3000; painting stand – $800 – $1000; transportation system – from $400; spray gun for powder paint – from $220; sandblasting gun – from $50.

Supplies and suppliers

List of consumables.

• Sand.
• Powder paint.
• Brushes and sandpaper for manual cleaning of discs.
• Foreman's protective equipment: respirator, gloves, work clothes.

You can also search for powder paint suppliers via the Internet. You need to focus on a few basic points. Firstly, this is the price of the material. Secondly, the quality of the paint and the reliability of the supplier. Thirdly, the assortment by the number of colors. It is better to find several suppliers to protect the risks in your business.

Where to get clients?

There are several main channels for attracting customers to your workshop.

1. A bright and clear sign on your box.
2. Stickers on a personal car, with a phone number for ordering services.
3. Posting flyers in the location where you plan to work.
4. Banners around the city.
5. Advertising on bulletin boards and in specialized groups on social networks.

Subsequently, if you complete your work on time and produce high-quality results, clients will recommend you to their friends and relatives, attracting orders through word of mouth.

How much money do you need to start?

When developing a business plan for making money by painting alloy wheels, you need to try to take into account all the expense items in order to create an estimate of the starting capital.

Initial investment:

• repair and zoning of a garage or box – $1200 – $1700
• purchase of equipment – ​​$5500 – $7000
• purchase of consumables – from $350
• paperwork – $100
• advertising products (flyers, business cards, sign) – $80 – $100

Monthly payments:

• premises rental – from $18 per 1 sq.m. + utility bills.
• taxes – $200
• advertising – from $150 at the start of business promotion.
• replenishment of consumables - depending on the volume of orders.

The budget for opening this business can be reduced by purchasing used equipment for the work, and if you work independently, without attracting additional personnel at the initial stages.

How much can you earn?

In order to estimate the level of earnings, you can look at the average price list of workshops that paint car wheels.

The price is indicated for a set of 4 discs.

• R-12: $56 - $64
• R-13: $64 - $72
• R-14: $68 - $76
• R-15: $72 – $80
• R-16: $76 - $84
• R-17: $84 - $92
• R-18: $92 - $100
• R-19: $100 - $108
• R-20: $108 - $116
• R-21: $116 - $124
• R-22: $124 - $132
• R-24: $132 - $140

If you plan to paint it in chrome or in two colors, then the amount is multiplied by 2.

Additionally, we can offer painting of hubcaps: $12 - $20.

Based on these values, you can plan your average monthly earnings.

Conclusions. Painting wheels is a profitable business for a large city, which, with the right approach to advertising, can bring a good stable income. The disadvantages include high competition and the need to adjust the price taking into account the dumping of beginning workshops.

Although this painting method was developed in the 50s of the 20th century, it still does not lose its relevance and popularity. Process powder coating consists of applying powder paint (that’s why it is called “powder paint”) onto the part to be painted, followed by polymerization. The popularity of the method is based on the unsurpassed decorative and protective properties of the resulting color layer. The only serious limitation of the technology used is the heat resistance of the processed product. During the paint application process, the resulting layer must be polymerized, which is achieved by heating the product to high temperatures. Therefore, only heat-resistant products made of steel, ceramics, glass, MDF and similar materials are allowed for powder painting.

The scope of use of this technology is quite extensive. In addition to decorative functions, this coating has utilitarian protective functions. The fact is that powder paint coating can withstand high temperatures, pressure and chemically aggressive environments, which makes its use indispensable in processing various parts of equipment and cars (shock absorbers, discs, decorative elements, etc.).

Powder coating technology and process

The process of applying powder paint and forming a layer takes place in several stages using special equipment. The principle diagram of powder coating is as follows:

• The surface of the product is cleaned of grease, dirt and oxides. This is usually achieved through a series of chemical procedures.
• Using a special gun (applicator), a layer of colored powder (paint) is applied to the surface of the product. Paint is applied using an electric field. The paint particles in the applicator are charged with a positive charge, and the surface of the product being painted is charged with a negative charge. Due to this, paint particles are attracted to the product and a reliable and monolithic layer of paint is obtained over the entire surface of the product. The paint application process is carried out in a special painting chamber equipped with a recuperator and an air purifier. The fact is that particles of non-settled paint can be reused (which is impossible when using liquid paints), so these particles are collected in the recuperator from the chamber air.
• The finished product is sent to a polymerization chamber (oven) where, due to high temperature, the powder paint melts into a liquid polymer, which reliably wets the surface. After drying, a final solid colored film is formed, which performs decorative and protective functions.

Commercial benefits of powder coating

Decorative functions. A wide variety of shades and resulting textures makes it possible to apply not only matte or glossy colored films to the processed products, but also to imitate various materials (painting for marble, granite, etc.).

Lifetime. As we have already noted, the polymer coating is very durable and stable. Therefore, the operation of polymer-painted products can reach several decades without updating the paint layer.

Simple, reliable and cost-effective technology. Due to the fact that solvents are not used (as with traditional liquid painting), the mass of dry paint settles on all products with the same density - the final layer on all products is almost identical in its performance characteristics. High efficiency is due to the fact that paint losses do not exceed 5% (reuse of non-settled paint particles). The cost of raw materials is not high. The main expense is the electricity used to apply and bake the paint.

Powder coating equipment and its cost

Powder coating equipment is classified according to production volume. For small volumes (businesses) compact installations are used. For industries where more than 50,000 m² of surface is covered per year, continuous powder coating production lines are used. Despite the difference in production volumes, the equipment in both cases is the same and differs only in power.

The set of basic equipment for powder coating includes (prices are as of January 2017):

• Spray chamber (from 100 thousand rubles) and recuperator (from 80 thousand rubles). A special chamber where the main paint application process takes place. The chamber is equipped with filters and a recuperator to capture unsettled paint and return it to the production cycle. As a rule, the walls of the chamber are coated with a special antistatic agent.
• Sprayer and feeder for powder coating (from 60 thousand rubles). The sprayer is designed for applying paint to the product to be painted. Feeder - prepares and sends a mixture of powder paint and air to the spray gun. There are two types of sprayers - the electrical charge of the paint occurs in the sprayer itself due to an external power source ( electrostatic), the electrical charge of the paint is carried out due to friction ( tribostatic). Both types of sprayers are equally used.
• Polymerization chamber (from 150 thousand rubles). A heating chamber where the powder paint applied to the product is heated and melted into a polymer layer.

The total cost of equipment for a powder coating workshop is up to 500 thousand rubles.

Powder coating as a business idea

Thanks to the advantages of powder coating, the demand for this service is steadily growing among both individuals and legal entities. The main direction of making money in this business is painting various metal products - car wheels, metal structures for various applications (forged gratings, railings, metal stair frames, etc.), metal sheets and products (metal doors, instrument cases, safes, drawers, containers , coasters, stands, souvenirs, etc.). The cost of powder coating for 1 m² is from 100 rubles, for 1 linear meter – from 40 rubles. On average, the monthly profit at 40% equipment utilization, excluding consumables and cost of work, is 200-500 thousand rubles. Provided that professional equipment is used, with which it is possible to achieve stable painting quality. Also, advertising promotion of the business occurs periodically.

* The calculations use average data for Russia

Overview of the powder coating market for metal products

Currently, powder coating or polymer coating is becoming an increasingly popular method of final processing of finished metal products of any type in many industries.

But not every company producing metal industrial goods is equipped with the appropriate equipment: some do not have enough production space, some do not want to invest money in additional equipment, and some want to hire additional workers, who are also suitably qualified, or retrain those already employed.

Be that as it may, often the painting of a finished metal product is carried out by a third-party specialized organization, which essentially does not produce anything, but is profitable enough to attract the attention of a novice businessman.

Indeed, by providing services for painting metal products, the management and owner of such an enterprise do not risk the invested funds at all: an organization of this type will definitely not be left without work, moreover, there are many complex production issues - how, what and in what volumes to produce, where to sell what is produced or how to ensure uninterrupted operation of a plant or factory - this type of business simply does not arise - it is enough just to replenish stocks of powder dyes and other consumables in a timely manner and comply with the terms of contracts with clients.

In principle, such simple tasks can be handled not only by a novice entrepreneur who is hearing about powder coating chambers and polymerization ovens for the first time, but also by a third-party manager who can be hired in order not to deal with such essentially minor issues.

In general, in this, as in some other types of business, the entrepreneur is only required to organize the enterprise itself: purchase equipment, hire workers and provide advertising and marketing policies. But even these, in general, basic things can be entrusted to professionals: managers, advertising and personnel specialists, etc. The main thing is to have an appropriate amount of starting capital, which will serve as an investment in starting a business, and, after waiting for some time (from six months to a year), during which the break-even point will be overcome, work on expanding this business or live as a rentier - whatever soul.

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It should, however, be remembered that powder coating and polymerization services are highly oriented, for the most part, to the availability of appropriate clients rather than to other factors: geographical location, size of the locality, etc.

For confident operation and successful development, it is necessary to have a sufficient number of manufacturing enterprises producing such goods that reach the end consumer either in painted form or with a layer of polymer (polymers) applied to the surface (and sometimes having gone through both processes: powder coating and the formation of polymer coatings on metal products).

So, before investing money in organizing a powder coating business, you should not just ask, but carefully study the availability of manufacturers of the corresponding metal products in the region.

You should not rely on private orders, even in large cities: yes, individuals sometimes resort to such services (especially car owners), but even with mass small orders the enterprise will not last long - it needs larger production volumes.

Only the presence of a large number of manufacturers of metal products that require powder coating can give a painting business the right to exist.

Of course, there is also the factor of customers from other regions, but most likely you should not count on this: firstly, similar enterprises may exist in neighboring regions, fortunately their opening does not involve large capital investments and costs, and secondly, such a large-scale An advertising campaign that will help manufacturers of metal products from another region learn about your company will be disproportionately expensive compared to the effect achieved.

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So there is only one way to get clients from other regions: to ensure your own local presence, that is, to open your own enterprises for powder coating of metal products in these regions.

Powder coating equipment

The most important equipment in a metal powder coating plant is, of course, the powder coating chamber. And not even one, but several: depending on the planned production volumes and the approximate dimensions of the objects being painted: the typical size of the working space (LxWxH, mm) is approximately 2000x1100x1700, but for painting large-sized products you will need special chambers: up to 11 m long, up to 2 m high .5 m.

The powder coating chamber with a recovery system is designed for applying polymer powder coating to the metal surface of products. It is a metal frame covered with polymer-coated steel sheets.

The recuperator is used to catch powder paint that has not settled on the product. The powder paint deposited on the recuperator filters is dumped into the hopper; the paint from the hopper (screenings) can be returned to the painting cycle.

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As you can see, a powder coating chamber is not a technically complex design and its cost depends directly on its size: a standard chamber costs from 60 thousand rubles, cameras of specific (non-standard) sizes are somewhat more expensive. However, there are also cheaper ones - the so-called single-post (i.e., designed to be serviced by one worker) or dead-end cameras that are approximately half the price (about 30-35 thousand rubles) of those indicated.

Actually, powder paint sprayers are used directly for painting - tools designed for applying powder paint to products in an electrostatic field, or automatic application chambers.

Sprayers differ only in the size of the container with powder paint: small manual ones with a container capacity of up to half a liter and portable trolley units with a reservoir of up to 50 liters.

Usually, several copies of each type are purchased: at least one manual one for each employee, plus several spare and replaceable (when using dyes of several colors at the same time) and 3-4 (for an enterprise with an average volume of production, more precisely, the services provided) manual spraying units.

The cost of the first type of sprayer is about 9-11 thousand rubles, installation will cost about 4.5 thousand euros (which, converted into rubles at the current exchange rate, is about 190 thousand rubles). A domestic analogue will cost about 50 thousand rubles, but the quality of such a product and its work may be low.

An automatic application chamber is essentially a powder coating chamber equipped with built-in sprayers: painting metal products in such a chamber does not require the direct presence of a person in them.

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Typically, manual sprayers are used for small parts or low-volume jobs, as well as for painting parts in different colors, while an automatic camera can quickly and evenly spray paint one large part or several smaller parts in one color. So it is advisable to equip the enterprise with 2-3 automatic cameras.

The cost of each of them is approximately 100 thousand Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), which when converted into rubles at the current exchange rate is about 370 thousand rubles.

For polymerization - the formation of polymer coatings on already painted metal products - special polymerization ovens are used.

There are three types of ovens: electric, gas and infrared. The most common - electric ones separately cost from 130 to 180 thousand rubles. (dead end option) or from 280 to 535 thousand rubles. (pass-through option), however, when purchasing some automatic paint application chambers, you can do without these costs: many of them are like a mini-line, or a full-cycle automatic machine and are equipped with built-in polymerization ovens.

However, it is still worth purchasing one or two separate ovens: in some cases, painting of the product is not required - only polymerization (for example, when undergoing manual painting earlier or ordering only polymerization, i.e., the client provides already painted parts).

As mentioned above, all cameras must be connected to recuperators - special devices that allow you to collect powder paint that has not settled on the surface of the product.

Each recuperator will cost approximately 90 thousand rubles, which significantly increases the cost of powder coating chambers (both simple and automatic; however, some models of the latter have a built-in recuperator), however, without using a recuperator, you will not be able to collect the waste that has not settled on the product. paint, and therefore reuse it.

Loss of paint will cost a decent amount - quite comparable to the cost of the recuperator. In addition, it is possible to organize the collection and supply of powder paint directly from the hopper directly to the spraying installation, i.e. arrange a closed painting cycle.

In addition, for hanging and transporting products through all technological cycles of the powder coating section in mechanized or manual mode, a plant for powder coating of metal parts requires its own transport system.

It consists of transport carts, monorails, supports, spacers, load-bearing columns, transport storage units, transverse movement links, longitudinal and transverse trusses and beams, carriages, traverses, etc. standard parts for this system.

Accordingly, a mechanical (manual, in which parts are moved around the workshop by the muscular power of workers) transport system will cost only 25 thousand rubles. However, it is suitable only for small enterprises that do not undertake painting of large parts or large orders, or have limited production space.

Medium and large companies require an automatic transport system, the organization and installation of which will cost at least 110-175 thousand rubles.

Additional equipment includes a vibrating sieve (cost - about 35 thousand rubles), designed for sifting (separating large fractions and foreign inclusions from the main composition of the material) fine bulk products, in this case - powder paint with lumps and recycled paint (screening ) and an industrial water and mud vacuum cleaner for collecting it (10-19 thousand rubles).

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Calculator for calculating the profitability of this business

Providing painting services through the application of powder dyes is not yet a widespread field of activity, but is already in great demand among consumers. And therefore, opening an enterprise specializing in the application of polymer coatings can become a profitable business.

But not only the novelty of the service, but also the quick return on investment and the opportunity to make a profit in the shortest possible time becomes an incentive to start working. The costs of equipping a workshop for applying powder dyes and organizational measures will pay off within a year. But every task must be approached wisely. And when creating a paint shop, you must first decide which parts will be painted and who will be the company’s potential clients.
For the effective operation of any enterprise, personnel selection is important. You don't need any special skills to work with powder dyes. Absolutely anyone with good eyesight can learn how to spray paint in order to avoid “gaps” in painting. This became possible thanks to the powder dyes themselves. They are easy to use, do not drip, dry quickly, are economical and less toxic than “liquid paints”. Depending on the volume of production, a team of painters can consist of 4 to 8 people. It is also necessary to provide personnel for loading and unloading materials. And arrange transportation services. Things are more complicated with the selection of a qualified accountant and manager, whose tasks will include creating and maintaining a client base.
According to preliminary estimates, the profitability of an enterprise for painting with powder dyes can be about 50%. This can be seen from the following calculations: the average price for 1 kg of powder dye is $5. For painting a surface of 1 sq. m. goes from 80 to 200 g of dye. The cost of painting is about $2 per 1 sq. m. m. In different regions, the final cost of painting services ranges from 3.5 to 8 dollars. So, having invested 20-25 thousand dollars in a business, you can return it in a year, or even earlier. In most cases, a powder coating station is designed for a specific type of product. Equipment is selected in accordance with the characteristics of the products being painted. And the specifics of the painting equipment also dictate the clientele. Of course, it is always beneficial to cooperate with one or several large regular customers, but there is no need to refuse small orders and orders for painting parts of different sizes. Therefore, before purchasing equipment, determine your approximate customer base. And keep in mind that the range of uses for powder dyes is wide. Powder dyes can be used to paint metal surfaces of any shape - from bicycle frames to car bodies and rims; from metal tiles and aluminum profiles to water and gas pipes. As well as housings for household appliances, road signs, metal furniture elements, housings for commercial equipment, etc. Therefore, you need to buy equipment so that you can satisfy the maximum number of customers at maximum capacity utilization.
There are some criteria that can be used to pre-organize your client base. First of all, these are manufacturers of products that will maintain an attractive appearance during prolonged exposure to external factors, such as weather. These are funeral service salons (painting tombstones and monuments), painting street lamps, etc. Then – manufacturers of products that will be subject to mechanical damage during operation. This includes commercial equipment and metal furniture elements of various types. And of course, companies specializing in the trade of metal products: car body parts; housings of household appliances; elements of production structures.
Of course, first of all, you need to conduct marketing research aimed at studying the consumer market and examine the work of related or competing enterprises.

Based on materials from the Internet