General plans of Russian cities of the 19th century. What modern major cities of the world used to look like. Return of the Semenovsky Guard Regiment

Istanbul in the 19th century

Cities, like people, have a life expectancy - life path.

Some of them, like Paris, are very ancient - they are more than 2000 years old. Other cities, on the contrary, are still very young.

In this article, with the help of old maps, reproductions and photographs, we will trace the life path of these cities - what they were like then, and what they are now.

Rio de Janeiro was founded by Portuguese colonists in 1565.

Guanabara Bay, the second largest bay in Brazil, beckoned with its splendor.

By 1711 a large city had already grown here.

And today it is still one of the most picturesque cities in the world.

You may have heard that New York was first called New Amsterdam, which was the name given to it by Dutch settlers who settled there in the early 17th century. It was renamed in 1664 in honor of the Duke of York.

This 1651 engraving of southern Manhattan reveals that the city was still called New Amsterdam.

Between 1870 and 1915, New York's population tripled, growing from 1.5 to 5 million residents. This 1900 photo shows a group of Italian immigrants on a New York City street.

A lot of money went into building structures like this Manhattan Bridge (1909 photo) to support the city's growing population.

Divided into five boroughs, New York City is now home to 8.4 million people, according to the 2013 census.

Archaeologists claim that around 250 BC. one Celtic tribe who called themselves Parisii(Parisi), settled on the banks of the Seine, founding the city that now bears the name Paris.

They settled on the Ile de la Cité, where Notre Dame Cathedral now stands.

The Parisians minted such beautiful coins; they are now kept in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, USA).

By the early 1400s, when this painting was painted, Paris was already one of the largest cities in Europe, perhaps even the largest. Shown here is a castle on the Ile de la Cité.

Now it is one of the most beloved cities on our planet.

Situated along the Huangpu River in central Shanghai, the area called the Bund of the Bund became a global financial center in the late 1800s, housing trade missions for the United States, Russia, Great Britain and other European countries.

This photo from the 1880s shows that the old part of the city is surrounded by a moat, which remains from earlier times.

It was noisy and lively here. Commercial success turned the fishing town into the “Pearl of the Orient.”

In 1987, Shanghai's Pudong district was not nearly as developed as it is now. He grew up in a swampy area on the other side of the Huangpu River, opposite the Bund.

In the early 1990s, Pudong opened its doors to foreign investment.

And in place of inconspicuous high-rise buildings, skyscrapers immediately rose. The Shanghai TV Tower, the third tallest tower in the world, is also located here. It is also called the "Pearl of the East".

Today, the Bund is one of the most beautiful places in all of China.

And Pudong is one of the most futuristic. Here, anyone will feel like a hero of a fantastic blockbuster.

Istanbul (first called Byzantium and then Constantinople) was founded in 660 BC. Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

It did not take the Ottomans long to transform the city, which was a stronghold of Christianity, into a symbol of Islamic culture. They built richly decorated mosques here.

Topkapi Palace in Istanbul.

Since the 19th century, the city has been expanding all the time. Istanbul's shopping center is located near the Galata Bridge, which has been rebuilt five times over the past five centuries.

Galata Bridge in the late 1800s.

Today, Istanbul remains the cultural center of Turkey.

The Romans founded Londinium (modern London) in 43 AD. In the picture below you can see the first bridge built over the River Thames.

By the 11th century, London was already the largest port in England.

Westminster Abbey, built in the second century, is a World Heritage Site and is one of London's oldest and most significant buildings. Here it is depicted in a painting from 1749.

In the 17th century, about 100,000 people died in London as a result of the Black Plague. In 1666, a fire broke out in the city. Great Fire It took several years to restore.

From 1714 to 1830, new areas such as Mayfair emerged and new bridges over the Thames stimulated the development of areas in South London.

Trafalgar Square in London in 1814.

The city continued to grow and expanded into the global empire we know today.

Mexico City (originally called Tenochtitlan) was founded by the Aztecs in 1325.

Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés landed there in 1519 and soon conquered the land. Tenochtitlan was renamed "Mexico City" in the 15th century because the name was easier for the Spaniards to pronounce.

Beginning in the 16th century, Mexico City was laid out on a grid system (characteristic of many Spanish colonial cities) with a main square called Zocalo.

At the end of the 19th century, the city began to develop modern infrastructure, including roads, schools and public transport - although most often only in wealthy areas.

Mexico City skyrocketed in the 1950s when it was built Torre Latinoamericana(Latin American Tower) is the city's first skyscraper.

Today, Mexico City is home to more than 8.9 million people.

Moscow was founded in the 12th century. First princes and then tsars (from Ivan IV to the Romanovs) ruled here.

The city grew on both banks of the Moscow River.

Traders settled the area around the walled central part of the city - the Kremlin.

The world famous St. Basil's Cathedral was completed in 1561, and it continues to enchant visitors to this day.

After the abolition of serfdom, the Russian Empire experienced significant demographic growth. According to the census, by the end of the century, the population of the state had reached 129 million. Since the 60s of the 19th century, Russia occupied a leading position among European countries in terms of birth rate.

It was from this period that the migration of rural residents across the territory of Central Russia sharply increased. Most peasants, freed from the oppression of the landowners, headed to big cities, where it was easier to find work.

Some of the former serfs began to gradually populate the free lands of Siberia, since there was an opportunity to cultivate land for which the landowner did not have to pay a tax.

Growth of cities

The development of railway transport, the modernization of industry, the liberation of the countryside from serfdom are the factors that determined the significant growth of cities at the end of the 19th century. The largest populated areas at that time were Moscow, Tula, Rostov-on-Don, St. Petersburg, Kazan, and Odessa.

With the increasing level of urbanization, the main problem of Russian cities at the end of the 19th century was the housing shortage. Only wealthy citizens could purchase their own apartments in industrial cities. About 5% of the city's population lived in basements and attics, where there was often no heating.

During this period, gas lighting first appeared on city streets. By the end of 1892, on the street. Tverskoy and st. The first electric lights are installed on Sadovaya Street in Moscow. In the mid-60s, the first water pipes were installed in big cities, and later sewerage became available to citizens.

In the early 80s, Russian cities acquired the ability to use the first internal telephone line, and within a few years long-distance calls became possible.

Population of cities

The population of the cities was made up of representatives of all classes: nobility, merchants, workers and former peasants, who gradually assimilated with the workers of factories and factories. Characteristic of this period is that the standard of living of the middle class was not uniform; skilled workers were paid decently.

Over time, such representatives of the proletariat became the intelligentsia, because in addition to quality food and decent housing, they could afford a variety of leisure activities, trips to the theater and libraries, and also provide education for their children.

In the second half of the 19th century, a new bourgeois class appeared, the third generation of the first commercial and industrial dynasties, whose lifestyle and education actually made it possible to equate them with the noble elite.

Village in the second half of the 19th century

Despite the trend of peasants moving to cities, the majority of the population Russian Empire of this period were rural residents. The technical revolution of the late 19th century fundamentally failed to influence the life and spiritual life of peasant society.

In Russian villages, as before, ancient traditions and customs were carefully preserved, and ethics remained unchanged family relations, special attention was paid to hospitality and mutual assistance. However, a new generation of peasants, born after the abolition of serfdom, increasingly succumbed to the influence of new conditions and trends.

Representatives of the “enlightened” peasantry realized their ambitions at the beginning of the 20th century, becoming the main ideological leaders of new social transformations.

Village improvement

Peasant life remained difficult. The innovations that were actively introduced in the city hardly affected the Russian village. Rural huts were covered with thatch; wealthy landowners could afford iron roofs. For heating and cooking, as before, a stove was used.

Mass mortality was also typical for the village. Peasants were affected by smallpox, diphtheria, measles and scarlet fever. Some diseases that were successfully treated in the city turned out to be fatal for rural residents.

In the village, a high percentage of child mortality remained due to neglect: parents, who were constantly busy with field work, often abandoned their children preschool age alone.

The abolition of serfdom failed to provide the peasantry with economic independence: the lack of land forced former serfs to be hired to work for large landowners on unfavorable terms.

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The history of St. Petersburg in the 19th century includes important events for the whole country. In the middle of the century the city turned into a large industrial center. In 1825, guard officers attempted a coup d'etat, and this event went down in history as the Decembrist uprising.

Assassination of the Emperor

Paul I, the son of Catherine II, reigned for only five years. But St. Petersburg residents will remember these years for a long time. The very next day after Paul’s accession to the throne, white German-style booths appeared in the city, which the emperor ordered to be brought from Gatchina. The life of the townspeople became strictly regulated. Officials and policemen were running through the streets, grabbing citizens dressed in French uniforms. fashionable clothes and tore off their round hats (a symbol of the French Revolution). Paul ordered everyone to start the day at six in the morning and have lunch at the same time. After eight in the evening he imposed a curfew in the city. Appearing on the street at a late hour was fraught with punishment.

Paul I ordered the imperial palaces to be called castles. He hated everything that had to do with his mother. The Emperor did not want to live in the Winter Palace, and therefore ordered the construction of a castle, which was named Mikhailovsky. He ordered the Tauride Palace to be converted into a stable. But he did not live long in the Mikhailovsky Castle. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, Paul I was killed by conspirators. They killed him, of course, not because of the order that he established in St. Petersburg.

In the 19th century, relations with England deteriorated. This was a consequence of the agreement concluded by Paul I with Napoleonic France, and created unpleasant conditions for representatives of Russian business circles. The residents of St. Petersburg, having learned that the emperor had been killed, did not hesitate to rejoice and congratulate each other.

The history of St. Petersburg in the 19th century begins with the reign of Alexander I, who in his manifesto declared that he would rely in everything on the decrees issued by Catherine II. Castles were again called palaces, and one of the most famous, Tauride, was no longer used as barracks.

May 16, 1803

An important event of the early 19th century in St. Petersburg was the celebration of the 100th anniversary. This city was founded by Peter the Great on May 16, 1703. A hundred years later, a parade took place in St. Petersburg, in which about twenty thousand soldiers took part. Peter's boat, which was called the "grandfather of the Russian fleet", was lifted aboard the ship "Archangel Gabriel". The solemn event was attended by four contemporaries of the Great Reformer - elders who were personally acquainted with the founder of St. Petersburg.

Return of the Semenovsky Guard Regiment

This is another important event of the early 19th century. In St. Petersburg they welcomed soldiers and officers who returned from the war, in which Russia won. The Russian Guard defeated the French in 1812, triumphantly reached Paris, visited England, then returned to St. Petersburg. In the 19th century, wooden gates were built in honor of this significant event.

Narva triumphal gate

This structure has become one of the architectural monuments of St. Petersburg. In the 19th century, however, the gates had little in common with those that can be seen today in the city on the Neva.

The structure existed until 1827; it was created according to the project. The gate was decorated with a chariot with six horses, driven by the Goddess of Glory. However, the wooden structure quickly fell into disrepair. Soon the mayors decided to build a new gate, but from stone.

Russian architect Vasily Stasov preserved the design of his Italian colleague. On August 26, 1027, the first stone of the Narva triumphal gates, one of the symbols of St. Petersburg, was laid. At the end of the 19th century, the building was again reconstructed - copper sheets were replaced with iron ones.

Riot of the Semenovsky regiment

This is another important event in the history of St. Petersburg in the 19th century. The Semenovsky regiment was the favorite regiment of Emperor Alexander I. Soldiers and officers treated their commander Ya. A. Potemkin with great respect. However, in the spring of 1820, A. A. Arakcheev achieved its relocation. He presented Potemkin to the emperor as a weak-willed commander, incapable of commanding a regiment. Fyodor Schwartz, Arakcheev’s protégé, was appointed in his place.

The soldiers, dissatisfied with the unjustifiably cruel treatment and strictness of the new regimental commander, refused to go on guard. They wrote a complaint, which was perceived by the authorities as a rebellion. The company was surrounded by the Life Guards of the Pavlovsk Regiment. The soldiers were put in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where they were led under escort in front of all St. Petersburg residents.

The prisoners were supported by their comrades, showing disobedience to the higher authorities. But they soon found themselves in the Peter and Paul Fortress. These events continued for four days. The Emperor was at the Troppau Congress all this time. The Semyonovites were transferred to remote parts of Russia. The soldiers were sent to the Caucasus or Siberia. Officers - to Ukraine. Four rioters were put on trial.

Life in St. Petersburg in the 19th century

The number of city residents has grown continuously in this century. In the history of St. Petersburg, the main phenomenon was the opening of huge factories and factories. With the creation of enterprises, the population of cities also grew.

At the beginning of the 19th century, 220 thousand people lived in St. Petersburg. In the fifties - about 500 thousand. In the 19th century, St. Petersburg ranked fourth in terms of population in the list of capitals of the world after London, Paris, and Constantinople.

It is worth noting that twice as many men lived in the city as women. The majority were military men and officials. New factories were opened that employed exclusively male labor. People from villages came to the capital wanting to learn a new profession. The most in demand were masons, artisans, cab drivers, and carpenters.

The mortality rate, just as in the 18th century, exceeded the birth rate - the population of St. Petersburg grew due to newcomers. Most of them came from the Tver and Yaroslavl provinces. And after the abolition of serfdom, peasants from all over Russia poured into the capital in search of work. Representatives of this social stratum made up 60% of the population of St. Petersburg. In the 19th century, this city was a gigantic labor market.

Putilov plant

One of the largest St. Petersburg enterprises was founded during the reign of Paul I. In 1801, the Kronstadt Iron Foundry was transferred to the capital. In the same year, the first casting was made here. The plant was subsequently renamed more than once.

The first managers of the enterprise were foreigners. A flood that occurred in 1824 killed 152 workers. did not close even in the most difficult periods national history. Thus, he continued to operate during the siege of Leningrad.

Flood

In the history of St. Petersburg, the largest destructive event occurred in 1824. The second largest flood happened a hundred years later - in the year when the city was renamed Petrograd. In 1824, the Neva rose four meters above normal. According to various sources, from two hundred to six hundred people died. Pushkin dedicated his poem “The Bronze Horseman” to this terrible flood.

Culture of St. Petersburg 19th century

The heyday of Russian literature occurred in the first third of the 19th century. Associated with the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The poet dedicated many of his works to the events that took place in the city on the Neva. First of all, the Decembrist uprising.

At the beginning of the century, few new buildings appeared in the Northern capital. Except for the Mikhailovsky Castle, the construction of which proceeded at a rapid pace. Most of the country's resources at the beginning of the second decade went to the needs of the war.

Towards the middle of the century there were several important events in the cultural life of St. Petersburg: Russian opened geographical society. In 1836, construction of the railway between the capital and Tsarskoe Selo began. In the first half of the 19th century, the design of ensembles around Senate and Palace Squares was completed.

On October 1, 1811, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was established. This institution graduated many students who later became famous cultural and scientific figures. Among the famous graduates is A.S. Pushkin. Many people are associated with the name of the poet. For twelve years he lived on the Fontanka. Then on Voznesensky Prospekt. In 1836, the poet lived in the house of Princess Volkonskaya. This building is located on the Moika embankment; today it houses the Pushkin memorial museum-apartment.

Strauss in St. Petersburg

By the mid-19th century, the Austrian composer's fame had spread far beyond Vienna. In 1856, Johann Strauss visited the Russian capital. By the way, many famous foreigners lived here even then.

The composer came to St. Petersburg at the invitation of the director of the Tsarskoye Selo Railway, whom he met in Germany. A Russian official offered the musician a position as a conductor at the Pavlovsky railway station with a salary that Strauss could not refuse. In addition, at that time, performing in front of the refined St. Petersburg public was considered very prestigious.

Johann Strauss signed a contract with the director of the Tsarskoye Selo Railway and the very next year he went to the legendary city on the Neva. From his first concerts, Strauss managed to win everyone's sympathy. Women especially admired him. At first he was invited only for one season - for the summer of 1856. Over time, he became the permanent conductor of Pavlovsk concerts.

1. Industrial cities, industrial centers.

2. Trade function of cities.

3. Cultural function of cities.

Guryshkin “Merchant Moscow”, R.N. Dmitrienko “The Siberian city of Tomsk” Tomsk 2000, Mironov B.N. “Social history of Russia during the empire” St. Petersburg 2000, V.A Spubnevsky, Goncharov Yu.A. “Cities of Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries” Barnaul 2007.

1. In the era of capitalism, cities become industrial centers. In Russia, the formation of an industrial city began in the post-reform period. The main industrial centers were Moscow and St. Petersburg. Moscow in the central industrial region as a center was formed even before the abolition of serfdom, as the largest textile center. In 1890, its textile factories produced 62 million rubles worth of products with 43 thousand workers. The most famous textile enterprises were Prokhorov's Trekgorka manufactories, and the Trekgorka complex was a whole town, where, in addition to factory buildings and warehouses, there was its own vocational school, medical institutions, libraries and even its own theater. Other large enterprises included Emil's cotton-printing manufactory, Albert Bigner's calico-printing factory, the Bakhrushenykh cloth factory, the Nosovykh factory, and the Giraud and Sons silk factory. Moscow textiles were not only sold throughout Russia, but were also partially exported. Other groups of Moscow industry did not play such a role as textile production, but they were represented by modern large enterprises, among such enterprises was the metalworking plant of the Bromley brothers, which produced machine tools, fittings, equipment for city water supply systems, other large enterprises were the Goujon nail factory, factories mill equipment, partnership Dobrov and Nagolts. The large population of Moscow itself and the mass of visitors stimulated development Food Industry. Confectionery and tea-packing enterprises and vodka factories stood out in size. In the production of alcoholic beverages there were Smirnov companies and Shustov companies that produced vodka and cognac. The largest brewing industry in Moscow was. Confectionery enterprises are known throughout the country. The Einen company produced sweets, the Abrikosov company specialized in caramel products. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, perfume production received great development. A French perfumer from Moscow was able to build a factory from a workshop. This factory produced perfume, soap, and powder worth 1 million rubles. This factory produced packaged soap. They produced rural, military, electrical and a bouquet of Plevna. All other cities in the central region could not compete with Moscow. But in Ivano-Voznesensk, Kostroma, Serpukhov there were large textile factories, engineering plants, among others there was Ivanovo-Voznesensk. In 1890, there were 52 factories employing 15.3 thousand workers, their annual production amounted to 26 million rubles. In Ivanovo, the enterprises of the Gorelin and Gondurin brothers stood out. In the northwestern region, St. Petersburg became the main industrial center. The capital provided 10% of the industrial output of the entire country. And in mechanical engineering it is 50%. This was due to the presence of large banking centers in St. Petersburg. What made it easier to get a loan was also the proximity of the ministry, which made it easier to get a contract. The seaport provided an opportunity to supply imported equipment. There were more skilled workers in this city. It was here that the huge and most advanced factories in the industry were located, such as Putilovsky, Nevsky, Obukhovsky, Izhora, Admiralty, Aleksandrovsky Mechanical. 12 thousand people worked at the Putilovsky plant, 3 thousand at the Baltic plant. The capital's factories produced sea and river vessels, carriages, steam locomotives, and structures for bridges. The Obukhov plant smelted its own steel, and guns were smelted here. Submarines were built at the Nevsky Plant. In addition, St. Petersburg was a significant center of textile production, but inferior to Moscow. Among the textile enterprises of St. Petersburg one can name: the Nevsky Thread Manufactory, the Malovtinskaya factory, and the factory of the Englishman Torten. Moscow enterprises produced cotton products, and St. Petersburg enterprises produced wool and velvet. St. Petersburg's leading enterprise was the Triangle plant; this plant produced exclusively fashionable rubber shoes at that time and, above all, galoshes.

Food enterprises were represented by confectionery, vodka and breweries. The Landrin Georg factory stood out. The assortment included chocolate, sweets, lollipops. Monposier lollipops were very popular. Among the unique ones was the Imperial Porcelain Factory, the volumes are not large, but the quality is very high. In addition, St. Petersburg was the center of printing production; private and state enterprises, private Marx and Stafilevich, are concentrated here. Unlike Moscow, St. Petersburg is not surrounded by industrial villages. In the North-Western industrial region, the centers of Riga, and to a lesser extent Talin, stand out. At the end of the 19th century, the Southern region developed rapidly, which was facilitated by the development of the Donetsk coal basin and Krivoy Rog deposits. Large centers of metallurgical and mechanical engineering production were Kyiv, Odessa, Lugansk, Ekaterinoslav, and Rostov-on-Don.

Among other enterprises in the southern region, the Bellino-Fendrich iron foundry in Odessa stands out, which produced iron foundries and shipbuilding products. In Kharkov, Gelherik Sad, a machine-building enterprise. In large cities of the south, products for processing agricultural products are also known, in connection with this, wool milling, flour milling, and soap production are being formed.

During this period, the old industrial Urals lagged behind the South, which was associated with serfdom and distance from ports and other industrial centers. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the large factories were outside the cities, in Nizhny Tagil and Izhevsk. Large industrial cities were Yekaterinburg, where cloth enterprises were developed. Yatis' mechanical factory worked there. Other industrial centers in mechanical engineering and shipbuilding were Perm and Yufa.

In the cities of the Volga region, steam mills were large enterprises. The most notable center of flour milling was Saratov, followed by Samara, Tsaritsyn, and Kazan. In addition to large centers, there was a network industry. The products of the Austrian-Vacano brewery in Samara were famous throughout European Russia; it was he who created the Zhigulevsky variety. Later, Zhigulevskoe beer was produced in Saratov and Kazan.

In the central black earth region, industrial development is lower. The economy of the Voronezh, Kursk provinces was agrarian. But in this area, the unique city of Tula. In Tula there was a famous imperial arms factory, where the famous Mosin and Berdan rifles were produced. In addition, the famous Tula samovars, accordions and gingerbreads were produced in Tula.

In the northern Caucasus, in the Kuban and Stavropol provinces there were oil distilleries, tobacco plants, and oil refineries. In Transcaucasia, Baku was a major industrial city. In 1870, 1.7 million poods of oil were produced, and in 1900, 600 million poods of oil were produced. There are 4 oil refineries in Grozny.

Siberian cities, Far East lagged behind. Pre-factory production existed here. But shipbuilding developed in the cities of Tyumen, Blagoveshchensk, and Vladivostok. Flour-grinding production developed in Kurgan, Tyumen, Tomsk, Barnaul, and Blagoveshchensk. Leather production in Tyumen. In distilling in Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk.

In the cities of Central Asia, along with traditional crafts for the production of astrakhan fur, dried fruits, and carpet weaving, factory enterprises are beginning to appear. Large city of Tashkent. 6 cotton gin plants were built here.

2. At the beginning of the 20th century, cities became large shopping centers; the larger the city, the more developed its infrastructure. In this regard, the picture of the Development of Trade in St. Petersburg and Moscow is especially clear. Zone of influence wholesale trade All of Russia was in Moscow, due to the fact that Moscow is the main railway junction of the country. The products of the central industrial region were transported from Moscow to other cities. It was Moscow that was the center of the tea trade. Up to 800 thousand poods of tea came here from China to Moscow and through Odessa. At the same time, the weight of cars delivered to Moscow was 2 times less than the weight of tea.

Roads have had a huge impact on the volume and nature of trade. This strengthened and accelerated the division of labor between regions. The central industrial region supplied textiles, mechanical engineering products, and the food industry. North-Western region - products of engineering, textile, chemical enterprises, central - black soil region - grain, livestock, flour. Southern region coal, metal, sugar, alcohol, livestock, agricultural. cars. Siberia: gold, bread, furs. Poland: textiles, haberdashery, clothes. Bessarabia, Crimea and the Caucasus: grape wines. Astrakhan: gourds, fish (sturgeon, kaluga, beluga, caviar). Central Asia: cotton, carpets, dried fruits, velvet fabrics.

Railways determined the growth of stationary trade and the gradual decline of fair trade. But fairs still played a big role. The largest fair was the Makariev Fair in Nizhny Novgorod, Irbit fair in the Perm province, Siberian on the Volga, Orenburg. And yet, at the beginning of the 20th century, stationary trade came to the first place, which is manifested in the increase in taverns and restaurants. The largest trading city was Moscow. Trade took place on all central streets, and on Red Square, where the ancient Gostiny Dvor was located. But in the 80s of the 19th century it was demolished, and upper shopping arcades were built in its place. In Moscow trade, shops on Kuznetsky Most, Stoleshnikov Lane, and Tverskaya also stood out. In 1901, the famous shop of the Eliseev brothers was opened on Tverskaya. At the same time, Moscow had foreign trade. As before, bazaars were of great importance for the inhabitants of the city. For foreigners, Palm and Mushroom markets were amazing. Petersburg was another major center. He gave in to Moscow. But he mostly traded in imported products. There are more pastry shops, antique shops, restaurants. Famous centers were: Gostiny Dvor, Apraksin Dvor. Petersburg was especially distinguished by a large number of bookstores.

The 3rd trade center was Odessa, the main port on the Black Sea. Grain was exported from Odessa in large quantities. The centers of Odessa trade were Deribasovskaya Street, and the legendary Odessa bazaar “Privoz” also stood out. Trade also developed in other Southern cities. Centers Kharkiv.

In Siberia, large shopping centers: Tomsk, Tyumen, Irkutsk.

In the Urals: Yekaterinburg, Perm, Ufa.

Fair trade existed in Siberian and Ural cities, but is gradually being replaced by stationary trade.

3. Urbanization processes manifested themselves not only in the development of the economy and trade, but also in Culture. Most trade establishments represented higher and middle educational establishments, theaters museums. The capital cities stood out especially: St. Petersburg and Moscow. But regional cultural cities include: Riga, Warsaw, Tobolsk, Tiflis, Omsk, Tomsk. There were university centers throughout Russia in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov, Kiev, Derbt, Novorossiysk (Odessa), Warsaw, Tomsk. Higher education in cities they received in academies, commercial, medical, spiritual. The famous technical school. The cultural function was largely determined by theaters, city parks, dance halls and traveling menageries. In Moscow, the Sokolniki and Hermitage parks were known. In St. Petersburg: America, Arcadia. Access to these cultural centers was limited.

The cities of Russia were complex, industrial, commercial, and cultural formations that determined the dynamic development of economic development.