Economic use of Arctic deserts. Arctic desert. Arctic desert zone. Human use

The Arctic desert zone is located on the Arctic islands. On the map it is most often indicated in gray or blue.

Snow and ice are most abundant in this natural area. Another name for the Arctic desert zone is ice zone. This is where the least amount of sunlight gets.

In Russia, the Arctic desert zone receives the smallest amount of sunlight. The sun here never rises high above the horizon.

Polar night, day and northern lights

In winter there is a polar night in the icy zone. For several months in a row the sun does not appear at all - darkness. Strong winds blow and snowstorms often rage. Temperatures can reach 60 degrees below zero.

In summer, a polar day sets in in the ice zone. For several months there is light around the clock. But not warm. The temperature is only a few degrees above zero.

In the ice zone you can see the aurora - a heavenly glow of amazing beauty. It appears very suddenly and disappears just as suddenly. The aurora is associated with solar flares.

Plants and animals of the Arctic

Plants of the Arctic

The following plants can be found in the Arctic:

• polar poppy
• Lichens

Arctic Animals

Animals of the Arctic

• Polar bear
• Belukha
• Arctic fox
• killer whale
• Seal

Birds of the Arctic

• Guillemot
• White Crane
• Dead end
• Auk
• White seagull
• polar owl

The polar bear, harp seal and ivory gull are similar in color - they are all white. This helps them hide among snow and ice.

The Harp Seal and Polar Bear can swim, which helps them hunt in the Arctic. Wide paws help animals swim quickly. A layer of fat helps animals not freeze in cold water.

A snow den for a bear is an example of the connection between living and inanimate nature. Interestingly, the polar bear eats seals. This is an example of the animal-animal bond.

Food chain example

• Fish - Bear - Orca
• Fish - Seal - Bear

Human activity in the Arctic

Human activities are harming the nature of the Arctic. Garbage gets into the water from various ships. On some northern islands, people have set up hazardous waste dumps.

For many years, people hunted polar bears, walruses and seals, and now these animals are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

The French word braconnier [poacher] is translated as “canine hunter.”

Illegal actions of hunting and destroying wild animals, cutting down forests in violation of established prohibitions are called poaching.

Cubs and adult seals die at the hands of poachers. It is necessary to protect animals from extermination.

In the Arctic seas, people engage in fishing, often without caring about the protection of fish resources. There are fewer and fewer fish in the sea.

We need to fight pollution environment, poaching and overfishing in the Arctic deserts.

Activities for the protection of Arctic nature

- ban hunting of rare animals
- protect seabird nesting sites
- limit fishing.

Reserve "Wrangel Island"

The Wrangel Island Nature Reserve is located in the Arctic. It is named after the Russian polar explorer Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel.
The main task of the reserve is to study and preserve the fauna of the island part of the Arctic. One of the animals living in the reserve is the musk ox. Since 2004, the reserve has been included in the World Heritage List.

Polar Bear Program

Main objectives of the program:

• study of polar bear habitats in the Russian Arctic
• counting the number of polar bears

From the video lesson on the topic “Population and economy in the Arctic and tundra” you will learn a lot of useful and interesting things. In particular, the teacher will tell you about the peoples of this region and help you understand how people survive in harsh natural conditions. You will find out what awaits these regions in the future, how they can help our country in the future.

Topic: Natural and economic zones of Russia

Lesson: Population and economy in the Arctic and tundra

Purpose of the lesson: to get acquainted with the population and features of economic activity in the Arctic and tundra.

The Arctic is characterized by uncomfortable, even extreme, conditions for human life. Despite the harshness of natural conditions, the development of the Arctic began a very long time ago. Even primitive people occupied these territories, they hunted here and created temporary settlements. A site of primitive people dating back 27 thousand years was discovered on the Yana River.

Since the 10th century, the coast of the White Sea was inhabited by Pomors, who were engaged in hunting sea animals and fishing.

Since ancient times, indigenous peoples have lived in the far north, who were engaged in hunting walruses, seals, fishing, and reindeer herding. The indigenous peoples of the North of Russia include the Evens, Evenks, Nenets, Selkups, Dolgans, Chukchi, Koryaks and others. The real home of the people of the north is the Chum or Yaranga.

The cuisine of the peoples of the north is distinguished by an abundance of fish and meat dishes, and raw meat and raw fish are often used, venison, tundra berries, and roots were used. A traditional dish among these peoples is stroganina - slices of freshly frozen fish or meat.

Rice. 3. Stroganina ()

The peoples of the north treat nature with care, for example, they use everything they get in full, they don’t kill animals just like that, but only for the sake of production.

The culture of the peoples living in the north of Russia is interesting, unique and popular. For example, they create miniatures on walrus ivory, sew clothes from skins, and perform songs and dances.

Russian exploration of the north is associated with the names of Dezhnev, Chelyuskin, Laptev, Pronchishchev, Bering and other discoverers. As a sign of gratitude to these people, their names are put on the map (that is, various geographical features are named after them).

Rice. 4. Laptev Sea on the map ()

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the northern territories of Russia began to be actively developed, pioneers tried to find a way to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic Ocean, and explored the territories. Currently, the Northern Sea Route runs along Eurasia through the waters of the Arctic Ocean, which is the shortest sea route between the European part of Russia and Far East. Passage along the Northern Sea Route is possible with the help of icebreakers in the summer.

In the northern territories there are large reserves of oil and gas, on the mainland there are reserves of non-ferrous metals, coal, etc.

Rice. 5. Shtokman gas and Prirazlomnoye oil fields on the map ()

In most of these territories there is no permanent population; people live on the territory of research stations, cities, and wander. Arctic deserts and tundra have very low population densities; many areas are not inhabited at all. Despite the small population, man has a negative impact of his economic activity on the nature of arctic deserts and tundras. In particular, nuclear tests were carried out on the islands of Novaya Zemlya; port cities, mining and transportation of minerals heavily pollute the environment.

Homework

Paragraph 32, 33.

1. Tell us about human economic activity in the tundra.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography of Russia: Textbook. for 8-9 grades. general education institutions / Ed. A.I. Alekseeva: In 2 books. Book 1: Nature and population. 8th grade - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - 320 p.

2. Geography of Russia. Nature. Grade 8: textbook. for general education institutions/ I.I. Barinov. - M.: Bustard; Moscow textbooks, 2011. - 303 p.

3. Geography. Grade 8: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 48 p.

4. Geography. Russia. Nature and population. 8th grade: atlas - 7th ed., revision. - M.: Bustard; Publishing house DIK, 2010 - 56 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 pp..

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control. Geography. Nature of Russia. 8th grade: tutorial. - Moscow: Intellect-Center, 2010. - 144 p.

2. Tests on Russian geography: grades 8-9: textbooks, ed. V.P. Dronov “Geography of Russia. 8-9 grades: textbook. for general education institutions”/ V.I. Evdokimov. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 109 p.

3. Getting ready for the State Examination. Geography. 8th grade. Final testing in exam format./auth.-comp. T.V. Abramova. - Yaroslavl: Development Academy LLC, 2011. - 64 p.

4. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Educational and methodological manual / A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Russian geographical society ().

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA

Municipal budgetary educational institution

YRBAN SECONDARY SCHOOL OF TOJIN KOZHUUN

Prepared by: Lyubukhina Lyubov

Terentyevna-teacher

Geography and biology

2012-2013 Yrban

Natural and economic zones.

"Silent Arctic"

Lesson - expedition. 8th grade.

Lesson topic. Natural and economic zones." Silent Arctic " 8th grade.

Planned results;

1. Personal; nurturing environmental culture among students, developing a caring attitude towards the environment;
2. Meta-subject: development of skills to work with maps;
3. Subject: developing knowledge about PTC, introducing students to new terms and concepts; formation of knowledge about natural areas of Russia; consideration of the features of nature and the relationship of natural components in the natural zone of the Arctic; formation of ideas about the possibilities of economic use of a natural area and related environmental problems.

Equipment: maps of Russia (physical, climatic, soil), atlases, books, video.

Lesson type : learning new material. lesson - expedition.

Geographical objects: Arctic islands: FRANZ JOSEPH LAND, NORTHERN LAND, NOVAYA ZEMLIA, NEW SIBIRSK ISLANDS,

O. WRANGEL. O. VAYGACH. PENINSULA: TAIMYR. YAMAL. CHUKOTKA.

NAMES: FEDOR LITKE. SEMYON CHELYUSKIN.COUSINS DMITRY AND KHARITON LAPTEV. GEORGY SEDOV.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment.

2. Motivation for educational activities.

Teacher: “My native country is wide!” There are many seas, forests and rivers in it “These are the lines of a popular song. Indeed, Russia is the largest country in the world by area. Mighty rivers flow through its territory. Rich deposits of minerals lurk in its depths. Huge areas are occupied by forests. Man uses everything that nature provides in his economic activities. But there are cold, remote territories that are not so rich in forests, but they also somehow attract people. Its influence is so great that it makes us think about the wise use of natural resources. Their preservation for future generations.

3 Studying new material.

Teacher. Hello, dear guests and expedition members! We are going on an extraordinary journey to the ice zone - the Arctic desert zone. And, like any scientific expedition, we have a goal for the journey.

We are faced with the following tasks;

1Identify characteristics nature.

2Consider possible options for economic use of the natural area.

1. Name the most important environmental problems associated with the development of the Arctic.

On your desks are observation forms that you must fill out during our expedition.

Before setting off on a trip, we need to plan the expedition route. To do this, we will use a map and determine which territories of Russia are occupied by the Arctic desert zone.

Exercise 1.

Determine from the map “Natural Zones of Russia” which territories of Russia are occupied by the Arctic desert zone. (Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, Novaya Zemlya, New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, Vaygach Island, Taimyr Peninsula, Yamal, Chukotka.)

Teacher. So, we have identified the object of interest to us, but we still cannot hit the road. Why do you think?

Suggestive questions:

When you go somewhere, what do you do first? (Pack your things)

How can we find out what things we will need? (Learn about the climate).

This means we need to study the climate of the Arctic.

Task 2.

Decide on a plan climatic features Arctic.

Plan

1.Climatic zone (Arctic)

2. Total solar radiation, kcal/cm2 per year. (70 - since a lot of radiation is reflected from glaciers and snow.)

3.Average temperature in July (+2-+4 C*)

4.Average temperature in January (-20-40 C *)

5.Annual precipitation (100-200mm)

6. Air masses. (Arctic, strong winds occur at the border of Arctic and temperate air masses.

7. Location in relation to the Arctic Circle. (Behind the Arctic Circle there is a long polar night - long winter with low temperatures - 30% of the area of ​​​​all Arctic islands is occupied by cover glaciers - when they reach sea level, icebergs form.)

Teacher. Recently it was found that in modern era Due to human intervention, climate warming and, accordingly, glacier degradation occur. About 0.2% of all ice reserves are lost annually, and perhaps one day the Arctic glaciers will completely disappear. Well, for now the average thickness of the ice sheet on Novaya Zemlya reaches 300 m.

Conclusion: The Arctic is characterized by very strong winds and low temperatures, short summers, low angle of incidence of sunlight, icy surface

Such conditions will affect the flora and fauna of the region. Now we can hit the road to see how such harsh conditions affect the organic world of the Arctic. Let's look out the window (view slides of the presentation “Animals of the Arctic”)

Task 3.

While viewing the presentation, write down typical representatives of flora and fauna in a table.

Student answers: polar bear, walruses, lemmings, arctic foxes, pink gull, polar owl, etc.

Physical education minute

Teacher. Guys! A foreign ship is sailing towards us, it needs to be warned about the danger when meeting an iceberg. (We wave our hands) Teacher. We already have a pretty good idea of ​​the Arctic, but so far we know nothing about the local population and their activities. Do you think there are permanent residents in the Arctic? (No, why? (Severe climate). Indeed, the most serious problems for human adaptation are created by the polar day and the polar. Night. According to psychologists, they cause severe depression. In addition, strong winds combined with low temperatures quickly lead to frostbite. Nevertheless, the Arctic North, where there are practically no permanent residents, constantly arouses people’s interest. Why do you think?

1. Richest mineral reserves (oil and gas on the Barents Sea shelf).

2. Northern sea route to the seas Pacific Ocean, which is significantly shorter than sailing through the Suez Canal. A specialist will tell us about this.

Student report “Northern Sea Route”

Task 4.

Find on the map the main ports of the Northern Sea Route: Igarka. Dudinka, Dixon, Tiksi, Pevek, Provideniya.

3.Fishing.

4. Hunting for game animals (polar bear, arctic fox, walrus,) which led to a sharp reduction in the number of Arctic animals.

5. Test nuclear weapons(Novaya Zemlya island), radioactive contamination.

Task 5.

What measures can you propose to solve environmental problems in the Arctic?

1.Cessation of nuclear weapons testing.

2. Economical use of natural resources, application of new technologies in oil transportation.

3. Restriction of fishing for sea animals, the creation of reserves and the protection of rare animals.

Student report about the reserve on the island. Wrangel.

Wrangel Island is the only place in our country where the most beautiful rare birds nest - white geese. Their nesting sites are under strict protection. The largest concentrations of walruses are concentrated in this reserve. Bears from different parts of the Arctic come to Wrangel Island. Every year there are up to 250 dens on the island in which bears have babies. Another interesting animal that is protected on the territory of the reserve is the musk ox. This beast in the distant past lived in the territories of our country, and now scientists protect and study it on about. Wrangel.

Teacher. In the Arctic zone, the natural restoration of disturbed nature extends not for years, but for many tens and even hundreds of years.

5. Consolidation of the studied material.

Teacher. Our journey through the Arctic has ended. But before you get off the deck of the expedition ship, we have to go through customs.

1. Select the islands that are located within the natural zone of the Arctic deserts:

a) New Siberian Islands.

b) Commander's

c) Franz Josef Land.

D) Sakhalin.

2. The area occupied by the tundra zone in Russia is:

A) 40%

B)10%

IN). 18%

D) 30%

3. What animals are typical representatives of the fauna of the Arctic desert zone?

A) Polar bear

B) wolf

B) bison

D) muskox

D) marten.

4. Mark characteristic features natural zone of the Arctic:

A) aurora

B) the average July temperature is about + 2 C*

B) there is a lot of rainfall

D) the surface is very swampy

D) there are practically no soils.

E) there are many bird colonies on the rocky shores.

G) abundance of berry bushes.

5. Homework

1.Place the Arctic territory on a contour map

2. Northern Sea Route.

3. Reserves.

6. Lesson summary. .

When you hear the word "desert", what immediately comes to mind? For most people, the desert evokes images of endless sandy expanses, high temperatures and bushy vegetation. To some extent this view is accurate. Many of the world's deserts are characterized by large amounts of sand and high temperatures(at least during daylight hours).

However, there are Arctic deserts that are radically different from other deserts. There is no sand here, and the temperatures are often far from hot, but rather sub-zero.

If you know anything about the Arctic, you're probably wondering who came up with the idea to call this region a desert. After all, there is an Arctic Ocean in the Arctic. However, Arctic temperatures are so low that the ocean is almost always covered in ice. Extreme cold also means that the air is unable to hold moisture. Thus, the air is dry, like in a classic desert.

Another significant argument is the insignificant amount of precipitation in the form of rain or snow. In fact, the Arctic receives about the same amount of precipitation as the Sahara. All the factors described above gave rise to the concepts of “arctic or cold deserts”.

Natural conditions of the Arctic desert zone

To determine the natural conditions of the Arctic desert, below is a brief description of and a table of the main factors (geographical location, relief, soil, climate, Natural resources, flora and fauna) that influence the lives of people in this natural area.

Geographical position

Legend:

Arctic deserts

The natural zone of the Arctic desert is located above 75° north latitude and is adjacent to the North Pole of the Earth. It covers total area more than 100 thousand km². Arctic desert covers Greenland, North Pole and several islands, many of which are inhabited by people and animals.

Relief

The topography of the Arctic desert consists of various physical features: mountains, glaciers and flat areas.

Mountains: The Arctic desert contains mountainous regions where a cold and dry climate prevails. In appearance, some of the region's mountains resemble those in Central America.

Glaciers: Due to extremely low temperatures, the Arctic desert is replete with numerous glaciers different forms and sizes.

Flat areas: make up the bulk of the region and have a distinct patterned texture that is the result of cycles of melting and freezing of water.

If you've watched the TV series Game of Thrones, then the lands beyond the Wall give you a general idea of ​​what the Arctic wilderness looks like. These scenes were filmed in Iceland, which is not officially part of the Arctic desert, but has a superficial resemblance to it.

Soils

In the main part of the territories of the natural zone of the Arctic desert, the soils remain frozen for most of the year. Permafrost reaches 600-1000 m in depth and makes it difficult for water to drain. In summer, the surface of the Arctic desert is covered with lakes from the melt water of the upper soil layer. Crushed stone and rocks, due to the movement of glaciers, are scattered throughout the natural area.

The soil horizon of the Arctic deserts is very thin, poor in nutrients, and also includes a lot of sand. In warmer areas, soil types containing little organic matter, and capable of supporting the growth of small shrubs, algae, fungi and mosses. One such soil type is brown soil.

Climate

The climate of the natural zone of the Arctic desert is characterized by long, very cold winters and short, cool summers. During the cold months (typically December to January), temperatures can drop as low as -50°C. During the warmer months (typically July), temperatures can rise to +10°C. However, over many months, average temperatures range from -20° to 0° C.

The Arctic desert receives very little precipitation. The average annual precipitation is below 250 mm. Precipitation, as a rule, falls in the form of snow and light drizzle, more often in the warm season.

During the summer months, the sun does not set at all in the Arctic desert. In fact, for 60 days, the sun is above the horizon around the clock.

Animals and plants

In total, about 700 plant species and about 120 animal species are found in the natural zone of the Arctic deserts. Flora and fauna have adapted to survive and even thrive in such extreme conditions. Plants were able to adapt to soils poor in nutrients, low temperatures environment and low rainfall. , as a rule, have a thick layer of fat and thick fur for protection from the cold. They breed during the short summer and often hibernate or migrate during the winter. Birds usually migrate south during the cold winter months.

Only about 5% of the natural zone of the Arctic desert has vegetation cover. Although this is not surprising given its desert status. Most plant life consists of the following plants: lichens, mosses and algae, which can survive in the extreme conditions of the Arctic.

Every year (especially in the warm season), some types of low (from 5 to 100 cm) shrub plants bloom. Typically these include sedges, liverworts, grasses and various types of flowers.

Animal life in the Arctic desert is very diverse. There are a variety of mammals, birds, fish and insects. All of these animals are adapted to extremely low temperatures. Here are some examples of animals in the natural zone of the Arctic deserts:

• Mammals: arctic foxes, polar bears, wolves, squirrels, hares, arctic voles, lemmings, reindeer, seals, walruses and whales.
• Birds: crows, falcons, loons, waders, snipes, terns and various species of gulls. Most of these birds are migratory (i.e., they spend only part of their life cycle in the Arctic desert).
• Fish: trout, salmon, flounder and cod.
• Insects:

Natural resources

The Arctic contains significant reserves (oil, gas, minerals, fresh water and commercial fish species). also in last years Interest in this region from tourists has increased significantly, which also provides additional economic benefits.

The pristine and vast deserts of the Arctic play an important role in preserving biodiversity due to the growing presence of humans, as well as the fragmentation of vital habitats. Arctic deserts are particularly susceptible to soil depletion and disturbance of the habitats of rare animals native to the region. The Arctic also contains 20% of the world's fresh water.

Table of the natural zone of the Arctic deserts

Peoples and cultures

The most numerous inhabitants of the Arctic deserts are the Inuit. If the word "Inuit" is not clear to you, then most likely you have heard about the Eskimos.

The Inuit adapted their lives to the difficult conditions of the Arctic desert. As a rule, there are practically no building materials in the Arctic. Eskimos build snow huts called Igloos. In the summer, when the Igloos melt, they live in tents made from animal skins and bones.

Given the extreme desert conditions, the Inuit do not grow grains or vegetables. They eat mainly meat and fish. Thus, their main food sources are fishing, as well as hunting seals, walruses and whales.

For transportation, the Inuit usually use dog sleds. The sled is made from hides and bones. They are drawn by strong, hardy, sled dog breeds (huskies, malmouths, samoyeds). When moving on water, they use kayaks or umiaks. Kayaks are small vessels suitable for carrying one or two people. Umiaki are large enough to carry several people, dogs and materials.

Eskimo communities are found in various parts of the Arctic desert and. In Greenland, they are known as Inupiat or Yup'ik. In Russia they are called Eskimos. Regardless of name or geographic location, Inuit speak a common language, Inuktitut. They also have similar cultural traditions and way of life.

Meaning for humans

In recent years, the Arctic desert has experienced an increase in tourism. Visitors to the cold desert come here for the unique ecosystem and stunning snowy landscapes. Lakes, rivers, streams and mountains provide additional leisure activities for tourists from all over the world. Some recreational activities include cruising, boating, sport fishing, mountaineering, hunting excursions, rafting, hiking, dog sledding, skiing, snowshoeing, and more. The never-setting sun during the Arctic summer is another reason for the interest of tourists who visit the Arctic desert for this surreal phenomenon. Visitors also gain experience of Inuit culture and life by visiting their settlements. The Arctic desert, being the polar region of the planet, plays a key role in regulating the Earth's climate.

Environmental threats

The human population in the natural zone of the Arctic desert and adjacent areas is quite low. The most pronounced threat comes from mineral exploration and extraction. Global warming also has a negative impact on the Arctic desert environment, upsetting the delicate balance of this ecosystem. As temperatures rise, the planet warms and melts, releasing carbon from the soil into the atmosphere, which accelerates climate change. Global warming is melting the polar ice caps, causing sea levels to rise and increasing the threat of flooding to the planet's coastal regions. Melting ice caps also threaten polar bears. They need ice for hunting, and melting ice reduces and fragments their hunting grounds. Additionally, orphaned cubs have even lower survival rates because they are left to fend for themselves.

Protection of Arctic deserts

To protect the natural zone of the Arctic deserts, it is necessary to provide assistance, cooperation, coordination and interaction between states with the participation of communities of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic on issues of sustainable development and environmental protection of the region.

The main goals of protecting Arctic deserts include:

• Preservation of the rich biodiversity of the region;
• Sustainable use of renewable natural resources;
• Reducing pollution and wasteful consumption.

To achieve these goals, it is necessary to focus international attention on the following problematic aspects:

• Marine environment;
• Fresh water;
• Biodiversity;
• Changing of the climate;
• Pollution;
• Oil and gas.

Only political will and interaction between states can give a positive result in the struggle to preserve both the natural zone of the Arctic desert and the nature of the world as a whole.

All natural areas have long been developed by humans. It actively conducts economic activities, thereby changing the characteristics of natural areas. How do human economic activities differ in natural areas?

Polar deserts

These are the most unsuitable regions of Russia for farming. The soil here is permafrost and covered with ice. Therefore, neither animal husbandry nor crop production is possible here. There is only fishing here.

The coastal areas are home to Arctic foxes, whose fur is highly prized throughout the world. Arctic foxes are actively hunted, which could lead to the extinction of this species.

Rice. 1. The most unsuitable natural zone for farming is the Arctic desert

Tundra and forest-tundra

Natural conditions are not much better than in the polar deserts. Only indigenous people live in the tundra. They are engaged in hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding. What changes did the person make here?

The soil of these areas is rich in gas and oil. Therefore, their extraction is actively carried out here. This leads to significant environmental pollution.

Forest zone

This includes taiga, mixed and deciduous forests. The climate here is temperate, characterized by cold winters and relatively warm summers. Thanks to the large number of forests, plant and animal world. Favorable conditions allow you to thrive various types human economic activity. A large number of factories and factories have been built in these regions. People here are engaged in livestock farming, farming, fishing, and the woodworking industry. This is one of the natural areas modified by humans to the greatest extent.

Rice. 2. The world is experiencing active deforestation

Forest-steppe and steppe

These natural and economic zones are characterized by a warm climate and insufficient precipitation. The soil here is the most fertile, and the fauna is very diverse. Agriculture and livestock farming flourish most in these areas. Various varieties of vegetables and fruits, cereals are grown here. Coal and iron ore are actively mined. This leads to distortion of the relief and destruction of some species of animals and plants.

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Semi-deserts and deserts

The conditions here are not the most favorable for human economic activity. The climate is hot and dry. The soil is desert, not fertile. The main type of economic activity in the deserts is animal husbandry. The population here breeds sheep, rams, horses. The need to graze animals leads to the final disappearance of vegetation.

Rice. 3. Livestock in the desert

Subtropics and tropics

This region has been the most affected by human activity. This is due to the fact that this is where civilizations arose and the use of these areas has been going on for a very long time.

Subtropical and tropical forests have been practically cut down, and the territories are occupied by agricultural plantings. Huge areas are occupied by fruit trees.

What have we learned?

Man is engaged in economic activities in almost all natural areas of the world. This leads to their significant modification, which ultimately can lead to the extinction of some species of animals and plants.

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