The bright short life of S. I. Muravyov-Apostol is inextricably linked with the fateful events of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. Leo Tolstoy, who did not share the ideas of the Decembrists, called him one of the best people not only that, but also every other time. A descendant of an ancient family, related to the famous Ukrainian hetman Daniil Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich, who heads the list of Decembrists, became a staunch republican and an active opponent of serfdom.

Childhood of Muravyov-Apostol

September 28, 1796 in the family statesman Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol's fourth child was born, named Sergei. Soon after his birth, Ivan Matveevich was sent by Emperor Paul I as an envoy to Hamburg, where he went with his family. After returning to Russia in 1801, Ivan Matveevich soon moved to Madrid on official business. Under pressure from Napoleon, who came to power in France, the Russian mission was recalled from Spain. Leaving his family in Paris, Ivan Matveevich returns to Russia and receives his resignation. Sergei begins his studies at the Hicks boarding school, where he immediately attracted attention with his agility and excellent success in academic disciplines.

Homecoming

Despite the fact that the children grew up abroad and spoke French, under the influence of their mother they had a highly developed sense of patriotism and love for Russia. However, when in 1809 the family returned to St. Petersburg and the children joyfully accepted this return, Anna Semyonovna, their mother immediately warned that Russia was a country of slaves, meaning serfdom. Sergei's brilliant mathematical abilities allowed him to easily enter the newly formed school in 1810

Participation in the War of 1812

After Napoleon's attack on Russia, the student was sent to serve at the main headquarters of the army, commanded by Kutuzov. In June 1812, 15-year-old Sergei received baptism of fire in the battles for Vitebsk, and then the young second lieutenant took part in the Battle of Borodino. Army commander M.I. Kutuzov tried to keep him at the main apartment, but at a critical moment the young officer, as part of a sapper company, under hurricane fire from the French, built and defended fortifications-redoubts.

Tarutino fight

The significance of the Tarutino battle, in which a second lieutenant who had not yet reached his 16th birthday also distinguished himself, lay not only in the fact that successful results were achieved for the first time, but also in raising the spirit of the Russian troops. Historians believe that the Battle of Tarutino, with its success in October 1812, forced Napoleon to decide to withdraw from captured Moscow. Then there was a fierce battle that led to Napoleon abandoning further advance to Kaluga; the main forces of the Russian army began pursuing the retreating French troops. After Maloyaroslavets, colleagues sent from the school to war returned to St. Petersburg to continue their studies, but Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol decided to remain in the active army. The participation of Muravyov-Apostol in further battles for the liberation of the Fatherland from the French invasion was marked by the awarding of the Golden Sword and the rank of lieutenant. After Napoleon was expelled from Russia, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna III degree.

Foreign trip

Wanting to participate in a foreign campaign, the 16-year-old officer achieved an appointment to the Jaeger battalion. For the case near Lutzen (Germany) Muravyov-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich, whose biography was very difficult, awarded the order St. Vladimir 4 tbsp. with a bow. Since 1814, under his command, he took part in many battles, and for the battle near Paris, the young captain received the Order of Anna, 2nd degree. In Paris, he meets with his older brother Matvey, and together in March 2014 they return to Russia, where their father and eight-year-old brother Ippolit are waiting for them.

Organization of the first secret societies

The unanimous uprising of the Russian people against foreign invasion in 1812 showed the strength of spirit of ordinary people, including serfs. After the glorious military campaign, when Russia liberated Europe from the yoke of Napoleon, the enlightened part of the advanced Russian nobility was awaiting the liberation of the peoples of their Fatherland from the yoke of autocracy. According to S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, the liberation of Russia from its own yoke will lead to the liberation of the whole world and will contribute to the development and prosperity of the country.

The desire to help the people free themselves from the tyranny of their masters, escape from hopeless poverty and at the same time avoid repeating the horrors of the “Pugachevism” led the best representatives of the privileged class to the need for unification. The first decade of the 19th century was generally rich in various secret societies, including Masonic lodges, with the help of which nobles could fill the spiritual vacuum after active participation in world events. One of these societies that was created in 1815 was the “Artel of Officers of the Semenovsky Regiment,” organized by N. M. Muravyov. S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, who, after returning from a campaign abroad, transferred to serve in the army, became a member of the artel together with his brother Matvey. The goals of this society, consisting of 15-20 people, were vague and unclear. Soon, by order of the emperor, the artel was dissolved, but meetings of its members continued, and it could be considered the basis for the further development of the revolutionary movement.

"Union of Salvation"

The first secret organization of officers (“Union of Salvation”) was created in 1816 in the house of the Muravyov-Apostol brothers, where Prince Trubetskoy, Alexander and Yakushkin were also present. The organization of young officers, renamed in 1817 after Pestel P.I. was accepted into its membership as the “Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland,” was and remains small in number (30 people), but with more clearly defined goals. The main task of the society was the struggle for the liberation of peasants from serfdom and the elimination of autocracy, which is enshrined in the charter of the society. In an effort to widely spread their influence, not only nobles, but also townspeople, merchants, clergy and free peasants were accepted into society as members.

The society was led by the so-called Root Council, which included Muravyov-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich. Along with the growing discontent of the masses within the country and the strengthening of the pan-European revolutionary situation in the Union of Welfare, supporters of a decisive military onslaught on the autocracy and the establishment of a republican system gained more and more influence. The correctness of this approach was confirmed by the spontaneous action of the Semenovsky regiment soldiers in 1820. After suppressing the indignation in the Semenovsky regiment, it was disbanded, and Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol was transferred with the rank of colonel to the Chernigov infantry regiment. The congress of the Root Council of the Union of Welfare, which was created in January 1821, announced the dissolution of the society. However, in fact, it was not liquidation that was carried out, but a reorganization of the “Union”, which resulted in the organization of two societies coordinating joint actions.

"Southern Society"

A secret organization in Ukraine, the initiator of the creation of which were members of the Tulchin government of the “Union of Welfare”, was called the “Southern Society”. It was headed by P.I. Pestel, and Sergei Muravyov-Apostol (Decembrist) became the head of the largest Vasilyevskaya council. The program goals and objectives of the society, which was joined by the “Society of United Slavs” in 1825, are set out in “Russian Truth” by Pavel Ivanovich Pestel.

The goals of the society remained consonant with the goals of the Union of Welfare, but it was proposed to act more decisively, using the murder of the tsar to decapitate the monarchist party. At the same time, Pestel believed that the uprising should take place in the capital and be carefully prepared, and Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, Decembrist, insisted on speedy action using troops under the command of officers - members of the “Southern Society”.

Uprising of the Chernigov Regiment

After the failure of the military performance on Senate Square (St. Petersburg), at the end of December 1815, a revolt of soldiers began in the Chernigov regiment, stationed in the Kyiv province. The reason for the uprising was the arrest of Lieutenant Colonel S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, which was carried out personally by the regiment commander after receiving news of the uprising in St. Petersburg. The next day, the rebels occupied Vasilkov and then Motovilovka. In Motovilovka, a proclamation of the rebels (“Orthodox Catechism”), composed by Muravyov-Apostol and Bestuzhev-Ryumin, was read out before the formation. The Chernigov regiment began moving towards St. Petersburg with the hope that it would be supported by other military units. However, these hopes turned out to be unfounded, and near Bila Tserkva the regiment was surrounded by a detachment of hussars and artillerymen. On January 3, 1826, they were defeated by government troops. Sergei Ivanovich’s younger brother, Ippolit, not wanting to be captured, shot himself, and he himself, seriously wounded, was captured. During the investigation, he behaved courageously and nobly, trying to shield his comrades and take full blame upon himself.

Decembrist movement in Russia

The Decembrist movement in Russia was special in that they did not rely on a specific social stratum and, taking mortal risks in the name of the liberation of the people, did not seek its support. The situation of interregnum after the sudden death of Alexander I allowed the Decembrists to bring the Guards regiments to Senate Square in order to force the Senate to proclaim the destruction of the autocracy, the abolition of serfdom and the establishment of political freedoms.

The indecisiveness and fragmented actions of the conspirators led to the fact that the Decembrist uprising (1825) was defeated. The Supreme Criminal Court, created to try participants in the military mutiny, sentenced 121 people. In accordance with the degree of guilt, everyone who was on the Decembrist list was divided into 11 categories. 31 people were convicted under the first category, which initially provided for the death penalty and then was replaced with eternal hard labor. Five people recognized by the investigative commission as outside the ranks were sentenced to hanging, including Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol. In July 1826, the sentence was carried out.

House of Muravyov-Apostol

The Muravyov-Apostol estate in Moscow was located on Staraya Basseynaya Street. After the Decembrist uprising occurred (1825), the house was sold. Lunacharsky, who was planning to open a museum of the Decembrists in the house-estate, also thought about perpetuating the memory of the first Russian revolutionaries. The implementation of this plan took place only in 1986, but five years later it was closed due to the building's disrepair. The descendants of the Muravyov-Apostles, invited in 1991, decided to restore the building through the efforts of the family. After almost ten years of hard work, the main house of the estate was restored and leased to the Decembrist Museum. Currently, exhibitions and excursions are regularly held there.

Biography

Muravyov-Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich (10/9/1796 - 07/25/1826) - lieutenant colonel, one of the leaders of the Decembrist movement.

Born in St. Petersburg on September 28 (October 9), 1796. He was the fourth child in the family of the writer and statesman Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol.

Participant Patriotic War 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, participated in the battles of Vitebsk, Borodino, Tarutin, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny, Bautzen, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris, and had military awards. In 1817-1818 he was a member of the Masonic Lodge of the Three Virtues. He was among the founders of the “Union of Salvation” and the “Union of Welfare” and one of the most active members of Southern society; established contacts with the Polish Patriotic Society and the Society of United Slavs. He agreed on the need to kill the king. He conducted successful propaganda among soldiers and was one of the leaders of the Decembrists.

He became a key figure in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. After the defeat of the uprising on January 3, 1826, he was captured; in the last battle he was seriously wounded. Sentenced by the Supreme Criminal Court to quartering, commuted to hanging.

S.I. Muravyov-Apostol was executed at dawn on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress. He was one of the three unfortunates whose rope broke. Some time later he was hanged again. The exact burial place of S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, like other executed Decembrists, is unknown. According to one version, he was buried along with other executed Decembrists on Goloday Island.

Documentation

Investigation materials S. I. Muravyova-Apostola. Decembrist revolt. Documentation. T.IV, pp.228-412

On October 9, 1796, in St. Petersburg, one of the leaders of the Decembrist movement, Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, was born into the family of a statesman. A man of great intelligence and outstanding organizational talent, insane courage, crystal honesty and conscientiousness. Not only his illustrious relatives, who had served the Sovereign and the Fatherland for centuries, and his enlightened contemporaries cried over his bitter fate, but also many generations of descendants, amazed at the evidence of the steadfastness and courage of a military officer who ended his earthly journey on a shameful gallows.

On the birthday of Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, let us remember the main events of his tragic and heroic life.

Childhood, youth, War of 1812

He spent his childhood in Hamburg and Paris. Here, Muravyov-Apostol’s father served as Russian envoy - an extremely intelligent, brilliantly educated man, writer (author of the book “Travel to Tauris in 1820”), diplomat, senator, polyglot, friend of Byron and Kant.

In Paris, Sergei Ivanovich graduated from a good private lyceum chosen for him by his father. And upon arrival in Russia, in 1809, he entered the engineering corps of communications. Less than 3 years later the war came. And Muravyov, without hesitation, went to defend the Fatherland. Participant in the most important battles (Vitebsk, Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets, Krasnoye), was awarded a golden sword and military awards for bravery. Reached Paris. After the war I decided to continue my service.

Decembrist movement

The War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of the Russian army gave rise to hope for quick changes in society. They hovered over Russia, were desired by everyone and seemed sure to happen. The main thing that the progressive forces of the country craved was the abolition of serfdom. Honest people could not come to terms with the shameful tyranny committed against man, the slavish existence of their neighbor. Many joined Masonic lodges, carried away by the ideas of universal brotherhood. They joined communities of guards officers organized on an ideological basis. Two such large “artels”, among the founders of which was Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, formed into the Salvation Union under the leadership of General Alexander Muravyov. Officers and members of the Salvation Union led soldiers and sailors to Senate Square on December 14, 1825.

Uprising and arrest

Muravyov-Apostol at this time served as a lieutenant colonel in the Chernigov regiment, stationed in the Chernigov province, while continuing to be active in the Southern Society (consisting only of officers), headed by Pavel Ivanovich Pestel.

As soon as members of the Northern Society spoke out on Senate Street and were defeated, the Southern Society organized an uprising of the Chernigov Regiment. And on December 29, 1825, the regiment moved in the direction of Zhitomir, taking the town of Vasiliev along the way, capturing weapons and the treasury, and then Motovilovka, where a manifesto written by the Muravyov brothers was proclaimed. Two brothers of Sergei Ivanovich took part in the uprising. Ippolit, not wanting to give up, shot himself, and Matvey was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor. The Muravyovs’ father was never able to recover from grief - he left the service and quietly ended his days. The manifesto proclaimed the abolition of serfdom, equality of all before the law, and democratic freedoms.

The regiment under the command of Muravyov-Apostol moved to St. Petersburg, towards the city of Belaya Tserkov (1000 soldiers and 17 officers) and was defeated on January 3, 1826 near the village of Ustimovka. “Being surrounded by a detachment of hussars and artillerymen, he defended himself against the artillery itself, and was struck down by grapeshot. the ground, with the help of others, he mounted the horse again and ordered him to go forward.” Muravyov-Apostol was taken prisoner, seriously wounded.

Investigation, trial, execution

On January 20, Sergei Ivanovich was taken to St. Petersburg. He was immediately taken to Nicholas I, to the Winter Palace. Muravyov-Apostol was extremely weak, but behaved courageously, with extraordinary dignity. After the interrogation, the king wrote in his diary: “Gifted with an extraordinary mind, having received an excellent education, he was bold and arrogant to the point of madness in his thoughts, but at the same time secretive and unusually firm.”

The Supreme Criminal Court sentenced Muravyov-Apostol to quartering, which was replaced by hanging.

Sergei Ivanovich’s comrade, military officer Pestel, who was hanged with him, asked before the execution, looking at the gallows: “Don’t we deserve it? better death? It seems that we have never turned our heads away from bullets or cannonballs. They could have shot us.”

The rope turned out to be of poor quality and broke under the weight of the body of Muravyov and two more of his comrades - Ryleev and Bestuzhev-Ryumin. They were hanged again.

The bodies were taken away. The burial place is unknown.

Before his death, Sergei Ivanovich’s father was given permission to say goodbye to his son. He came to him in the casemate of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Seeing the bloody uniform, the old man said: “I will send you another dress.” “No need,” answered Muravyov-Apostol, “I will die stained with the blood shed for the Fatherland.”

Sergey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol

Sergey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol. Born on September 28 (October 9), 1796 in St. Petersburg - executed on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress (St. Petersburg). Russian military man, lieutenant colonel, one of the leaders of the December uprising of 1825.

Sergei Muravyov-Apostol was born on September 28 (October 9, new style) 1796 in St. Petersburg into an old noble family. According to another version, he was born on October 23 (November 3), 1795.

Father - Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol, Prime Major, Chief of Ceremonies, official in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Mother - Anna Semyonovna.

He was the great-great-grandson of the hetman of left-bank Ukraine Danylo Apostol. It was from the latter that the Muravyov family received the prefix to their surname. At one time, I. M. Muravyov’s father married a noble girl, the daughter of the famous Ukrainian hetman Danila Apostol. The stern hetman cursed the fugitive and deprived her of her inheritance, but the hetman’s grandchildren forgot about the curse and became brothers. Mikhail Apostol cordially received Ivan Matveevich and subsequently refused him a village with serfs, along with which came the surname - from then on the Muravyovs also became Apostles.

Sergei was the fourth child in the family.

He spent his childhood in Paris with his older brother Matvey and studied at the Hicks boarding school in Paris. Showed brilliant abilities and hard work. He wrote poetry in French and Latin.

In 1809 he returned to Russia.

In the fall of 1810, both brothers were accepted into the newly opened St. Petersburg Institute of the Corps of Railway Engineers.

The Patriotic War of 1812 interrupted his studies. Like most other students promoted to ensign in 1811, he was in the active army.

Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, under the command of engineer-general P.N. Ivashev, took part in the battles of Vitebsk, Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets. He was in the detachment of Adjutant General Count Ozherovsky in the battle of Krasnoye. Awarded the golden sword “For Bravery” (Berezina) and the Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree.

He came back from the war as a lieutenant.

He returned to the Institute of the Corps of Railway Engineers to complete his course of study - in the spring of 1813, the first graduation of military engineers took place. After this, Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol returned to the active army and took part in the foreign campaign of the Russian army - in the battalion of Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna he took part in the battles of Lutzen (Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class with bow), Bautzen, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris (Order of St. Anne, 2nd class).

In 1814, with the rank of captain, he was under the cavalry general N.N. Raevsky - he was an orderly under the head of the avant-garde. He returned to Russia with the Grenadier Corps under the command of Lieutenant General Paskevich.

According to legend, during the occupation of Paris in 1814 by the Allied forces, 18-year-old Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol came to the salon of the fortune teller Mademoiselle Lenormand, famous throughout Europe. He asked: “What will you tell me, madam?” Lenormand sighed: “Nothing, monsieur.” Muravyov insisted: “At least one phrase!” And then the fortune teller said: “Okay. I’ll say one phrase: you will be hanged!” Muravyov was taken aback, but did not believe it: “You are mistaken! I am a nobleman, and in Russia they don’t hang nobles!” - “The emperor will make an exception for you!” - Lenormand said sadly. This “adventure” was heatedly discussed among officers until he went to a fortune teller. When he returned, he said, laughing: “The girl has lost her mind, afraid of the Russians, who occupied her native Paris. Imagine, she predicted a rope with a crossbar for me!”

In March 1815, he was transferred to the Semyonovsky Life Guards regiment as a lieutenant. From 2/2/1817 - staff captain, from 12/15/1819 - captain.

After the uprising of the Semenovsky regiment, on November 2, 1820, he was transferred as a lieutenant colonel to the Poltava infantry regiment, and then in May 1822 to the Chernigov infantry regiment, commander of the 2nd battalion in Vasilkov, Kiev province.

In 1817-1818 he was a member of the Masonic Lodge of the Three Virtues (member - from 01/02/1817, ritual leader - from 06/14/1817; left the lodge on 12/22/1818).

Was among the founders of secret organizations "Union of Salvation" And "Union of Welfare", and then one of the most active members Southern Society- was one of the directors, head of the Vasylkiv council; established contacts with the Polish Patriotic Society and the Society of United Slavs. He agreed on the need to kill the king. He conducted successful propaganda among soldiers and was one of the leaders of the Decembrists.

He became a key figure in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. He was arrested by Lieutenant Colonel Gebel on December 29, 1825.

He was arrested for the second time on the battlefield on January 3, 1826, when he was seriously wounded in the head by buckshot. He was taken in shackles first to Mogilev (01/10/1826), then to St. Petersburg (01/19/1826).

On the night of January 21, 1826, he was placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress - in No. 8 of the Alekseevsky Ravelin.

He was convicted beyond rank and on July 11, 1826, sentenced by the Supreme Criminal Court to quartering, which was replaced by hanging. Was executed at dawn on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress. He was one of three execution men whose rope broke and, like the others, was hanged again.

The exact burial place of S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, like other executed Decembrists, is unknown. According to one version, he was buried along with other executed Decembrists on Goloday Island.

Personal life of Sergei Muravyov-Apostol:

Was not married. Had no children.

Old Basmannaya Street

Basmanny, like a drop, spread from the former Ilyinsky Gate of Kitai-Gorod to the east, as if paving the way deep into Russia. Along it there were roads to the Trinity-Sergeev Lavra, to Vladimir and Ryazan, as well as to the nearby grand ducal and later royal villages: in the gardens, on Vorontsov Field, Vasilyev Meadow, at the confluence of the Moscow River and the Yauza. And distant villages: Rubtsovo, Stromyn, Preobrazhenskoye, Semenovskoye and Izmailovskoye. This is how a modern pedestrian will say the distant ones, forgetting about long-tailed clothes, rattling horses without wheels and axles, just on runners, and the absence of sneakers.

The Basmannaya territory occupies a special place among the districts of the Central Administrative Okrug. The history of the development of the region is connected with the formation of Russian culture, science and art. First of all, this applies to part of the area of ​​​​the former German and Basmannaya settlements, located between St. Basmannaya, Spartakovskaya and st. Kazakova. It is here, on the banks of the river. Yauza, during the time of Peter the Great’s reforms, the technical renewal of Russia was born.

Old Basmannaya Street

The activities of famous representatives of Russian culture are connected with these places, the most prominent of them: Rokotov - in art, Pushkin - in literature, Chaadaev - in philosophy, Zhukovsky - in aviation science. House number 36 on the street. Art. Basmannaya, where Uncle A.S. lived. Pushkin, is associated with the stay of leading people of that time - Derzhavin, Vyazemsky, Karamzin and others. Muravyov-Apostol, the father of the three Decembrists Muravyovs, lived on this street (St. Basmannaya, 23). First-class architectural monuments and simply valuable historical buildings have been preserved on the territory: the Cathedral of the Epiphany in Elokhov, the Church of Nikita the Martyr, the Church of the Ascension, the Razumosky estate, the Demidov Palace, the Musin-Pushkin House of the architect Kazakov and many others.

Ivan Matveevich Muravyov with his daughter Elizaveta, deputy. Ozharovskaya

Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol(October 1 (12), 1762 - March 12 (24, 1851) - Russian writer and diplomat from the Muravyov family, who took the double surname “Muravyov-Apostol”. Minister to Hamburg and Madrid, then senator. Owner of a house on Staraya Basmannaya. Father of the Three Decembrists

Born near the Opechenskaya pier near Borovichi, Novgorod province on October 1, 1768, in the family of Major General Matvey Artamonovich Muravyov and Elena Petrovna Apostol (on his mother’s side, the great-grandson of the hetman of the Zaporizhian Army Daniil Apostol). He was the only child of his parents, his mother married, against the wishes of her father, and was deprived of a dowry; died immediately after the birth of her son. In 1801, Ivan Matveevich adopted the surname Muravyov-Apostol at the request of his cousin M.D. Apostol (in connection with the suppression of the Little Russian family of the Apostles).

Since 1773, he was enlisted as a soldier in the Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment. In 1776-1777 he studied mathematics and languages ​​at the German boarding school of L. Euler (St. Petersburg), after the closure of the boarding school he was “educated and trained” at home. In October 1784, he entered active service as chief auditor on the staff of St. Petersburg Governor-General J. A. Bruce, and from 1785 he served as his adjutant (from 1788 with the rank of second major). He served in the College of Foreign Affairs, in the provision staff. He was in charge of the channel in Shlisselburg (with the rank of prime major).

Ivan Matveevich

In 1792, under the patronage of M.N. Muravyov, he was invited to the court of Empress Catherine II as a “cavalier” (educator) under the Grand Dukes Alexander Pavlovich and Konstantin Pavlovich; then appointed chief master of ceremonies. At court, he managed to please not only the empress, but also Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, the future emperor, which ensured his future career.

Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol (1793-1886) - Decembrist, participant in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment, author of memoirs.

In December 1796 he was sent with the rank of chamberlain to Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich as resident minister in Eitin to the court of Peter of Oldenburg (in 1798 he combined with a similar post in Hamburg, and at the end of 1799 also in Copenhagen). Everywhere he intensified the activities of the anti-French coalition. The diplomatic service was facilitated by the exceptional linguistic talents of Muravyov-Apostol: he knew at least 8 ancient and contemporary foreign languages. In 1800 he was recalled to Russia, in July he was promoted to Privy Councilor, and in 1801 - vice-president of the Foreign Collegium.

Muravyov-Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich (October 9, 1796 - July 25, 1826) - lieutenant colonel, one of the leaders of the Decembrist movement.

Not belonging to the number of supporters of Emperor Paul (despite his favor), he took part in the anti-Paul conspiracy of 1801, becoming the author of one of the unrealized projects for legislative restrictions on the supreme power.

Saint Petersburg. Senate Square December 14, 1825. Drawing by Kolman from the office of Count Benckendorff in Falle.

In 1802, he took the post of envoy to Spain, but in 1805, for unclear reasons (according to A.S. Pushkin, he fell out of favor with the emperor for disclosing false information about the preparation of the anti-Pavlovian conspiracy) he was dismissed and did not serve anywhere until 1824.

In 1817-1824 he lived with his family on his family estate in Khomutts. In the summer of 1819, Ivan Matveevich completed the translation of Aristophanes’ comedy “Clouds”. Disappointment associated with the intrigues of the new entourage of Alexander I and, as a result, the removal from the court of the main organizers of the conspiracy - P. A. Palen and patron I. M. Muravyov-Apostol, his immediate superior N.P. Panin, “faithful to the rules of honor and sound politics,” influenced the choice of this particular work by the ancient Greek comedian, who ridiculed both the new “teachers” who preached freedom from ancient moral restrictions and the fooled people who believed them.

But circumstances were soon destined to change.

Khomutets, estate of I.M. Muravyov, inherited from the Apostles

In March 1824 he was appointed to sit in the Governing Senate, and in August he became a member of the Main School Board. A number of his official “opinions” of 1824-1825, diverging in handwritten lists, received a wide public response:

in defense of the director of the Department of Public Education V. M. Popov, who participated in the translation from German language the mystical book of I. Gosner, banned upon publication;
about the right of universities and professors to use books in addition to censorship;
“Opinion of a member of the Main School Board on the teaching of philosophy” in defense of the teaching of philosophy at universities, which M. L. Magnitsky opposed.
The opinions expressed on specific “cases” argued for the need to soften the strictures of censorship and moderate freedom of thought, but in the conditions of that time they demonstrated a certain civic courage and created Muravyov-Apostol’s reputation as a liberal. There is evidence that participants secret societies intended to make Muravyov-Apostol a member of the provisional revolutionary government.

Ivan Matveevich
After the defeat of the Decembrist uprising and the tragedy that befell the sons of Muravyov-Apostol (Ippolit, not wanting to give up, shot himself, Sergei was hanged, Matvey was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor, but was soon sent to settle in Siberia; before the trial, on May 11, 1826, his father met with Matvey and Sergei in the Peter and Paul Fortress), he left the service, and in May 1826 he was “dismissed due to illness to foreign lands.” Until 1847 he was listed as an absent senator. Lived mainly in Vienna and Florence. He returned to Russia in the 1840s. The name Muravyov-Apostol was not mentioned in print from 1826 until the end of the 1850s. His memoirs and library have been lost, although individual copies of the books are kept in the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts Scientific library Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. He died in St. Petersburg and was buried at the St. George Cemetery on Bolshaya Okhta.

Anna Muravyova with her son Matvey and daughter Ekaterina.
Artist Jean Laurent Monnier, 1799

Ivan Matveyevich showed both the virtues and vices of an enlightened Russian master: he was famous as a kind and hospitable host and a sophisticated gastronome, an epicurean and a spendthrift (he lived for 2 million dollars), but at the same time he was an egoist and a family despot.

Since 1790: 1st wife - Anna Semenovna Chernoevich (1770-1810), daughter of a Serbian general. Sons were born from this marriage:

Matvey (1793-1886), lieutenant colonel, Decembrist
Sergei (1796-1826), lieutenant colonel, Decembrist
Ippolit (1806-1826), ensign, Decembrist
daughters:

Elizabeth (1791-1814), married since 1809 to Count Franz Petrovich Ozharovsky (1785-1828);
Ekaterina (1795-1861), married to Major General Illarion Mikhailovich Bibikov (1793-1861);
Anna (1797-1861), married to Alexander Dmitrievich Khrushchev;
Elena (1799-1855), married since 1824 to Semyon Vasilyevich Kapnist (1791-1843).
Since 1812: 2nd wife - Praskovya Vasilievna Grushetskaya (1780−1852), daughter of senator and actual privy councilor Vasily Vladimirovich Grushetsky.

Evdokia (1813-1850), since 1845 married to Prince Alexander Petrovich Khovansky (1809-1895).
Elizabeth (1815 - 18..), in the 1st marriage to Baron Stalting, in the 2nd to Widburg.
Vasily (1817-1867), was married to maid of honor Marianna Gurko (born 1823), daughter of V. I. Gurko

Participated in meetings of the “Conversations of Lovers of the Russian Word” (member since 1811). He was a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Full member since 1811 Russian Academy, since 1841 - honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy

His most significant work is a book in 25 “letters” “Travel to Taurida in 1820” (St. Petersburg, 1823) - the result of a trip to Crimea. It contains valuable information on the archeology, flora and fauna of Crimea, characteristic details of urban, rural and monastic life , colorful descriptions of oriental customs. The author expresses the idea of ​​the need to preserve “precious remains of antiquity.”

The book “Travel to Taurida...” was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin, who visited Crimea at the same time as Muravyov-Apostol and A. S. Griboedov, who visited the peninsula in 1825.

Podstanitsyn collection

Podstanitsyn collection

Muravyov-Apostol, according to contemporaries (including K. N. Batyushkov, N. I. Grech) is a man of brilliant mind, extraordinary erudition and many talents, an esthete, a polyglot and a bibliophile (he had a unique library), traveled almost all of Europe, where he met with I. Kant, F. G. Klopstock, V. Alfieri, D. Byron.

The Muravyov_Apostol estate in Moscow on Staraya Basmannaya Street

The Muravyov-Apostol House-Estate is a private house-estate of I.M. Muravyov-Apostol in Moscow on Staraya Basmannaya Street, built in the classicist style at the end of the 18th - 1st quarter of the 19th century.

A three-story mansion, based on a wooden frame on a brick plinth, on its second floor there is a ceremonial suite of rooms, consisting of an office, a ceremonial bedroom, two living rooms, a ballroom, and a small semi-rotunda.. The street facade is decorated with a six-column portico and antique friezes above the high windows. second floor, the left side of the building ends with a semi-rotunda.

A three-story mansion, based on a wooden frame on a brick plinth, on its second floor there is a ceremonial suite of rooms, consisting of an office, a ceremonial bedroom, two living rooms, a ballroom, and a small semi-rotunda.. The street facade is decorated with a six-column portico and antique friezes above the high windows. second floor, the left side of the building ends with a semi-rotunda.

The former Babushkin Lane (now Lukyanova Street), which housed the factory of the merchant Babushkin, opens onto Basmannaya Street; The main entrance to house No. 23 is also from the alley. The building looks very proportionate, creating the image of a simple but elegant city estate and making it possible to imagine Basmannaya Street two hundred years ago, when the area was still completely dominated by the Church of Nikita the Martyr (Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God), and the neighboring mansions of the Kurakins, Demidovs, and Razumovskys had not yet been rebuilt .

On the territory that stretched from Staraya Basmannaya to Novaya Basmannaya streets, there were linen and silk factories. The first buildings were made in the middle of the 18th century. The house was resold many times; it went to the heiress of the daughter of manufacturer P. A. Babushkin - Alexandra Petrovna Volkonskaya, the wife of Prime Major Prince Yu. P. Volkonsky, who sold the house at the beginning of the 19th century. Based on the old house, the house we see today was built. (1803-1806)

In 1803, the estate was bought by retired captain Pavel Ivanovich Yakovlev, who rebuilt the house in the style of late classicism: a white stone base, a six-column portico with Corinthian columns and bas-reliefs of antique subjects on the sides of the portico, a triangular pediment, a semicircular rotunda on the corner of the street and alley. Then 1809-1915. the house was owned by Countess E. A. Saltykova and Count R. A. Vorontsov.

Then he buys and owns it in 1815-1822. - noblewoman Praskovya Vasilievna (Grushevskaya) Muravyova-Apostol - second wife of senator, writer, member of the Russian Academy Ivan Matveyevich Muravyov-Apostol (1765-1851) He receives the house as his wife’s dowry. The estate was not affected by the fire of 1812 and in 1815 it came into the possession of Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol after his second marriage. (His first wife Anna Semyonovna Chernoevich, the mother of his seven children, died in 1810.)

The house was quite crowded, receptions were held, and his sons visited the father. The poet lived here in 1816 Konstantin Nikolaevich Batyushkov. This period was outwardly prosperous for the family, but at this time the Decembrist movement was taking shape. All three sons of Ivan Matveyevich were among the main participants in the uprising who fought for the abolition of serfdom in Russia. The suppression of the rebellion also became a family tragedy: Sergei was hanged, Ippolit shot himself, Matvey was sent to hard labor. The house was sold.

At a later time, one of its owners opened the Alexander-Mariinsky orphanage for girls here, which then came into the possession of the Department of Orphanages of the Empress Maria. The shelter occupied the front and mezzanine floors. Director of the shelter V.A. von Levdik. The ground floor and outbuilding were rented out as apartments, shops and workshops for artisans. In 1912, they planned to build a 6-story apartment building on the site of the estate. The project was not implemented.

In 1925, A. Lunacharsky was going to open a museum of the Decembrists; this was realized only in 1986, when a branch of the State Historical Museum was opened in the estate.

Decembrists Museum

Opening of the museum together with the descendants of the Muravyovs

OPENING OF THE HOUSE-MUSEUM 05/21/2013

Heirs-philanthropists at a reception on the occasion of the opening of the museum

Created in 1986 as a branch of the State Historical Museum, closed in 1997. The first attempt to display some materials on the history of the Decembrists in Moscow was the opening in the 1890s. “Rooms of People of the 40s” (existed until 1925, then in the collections of the State Historical Museum) in the Rumyantsev Museum on the initiative of E. S. Nekrasova and the director of the museum M. A. Venivitinov.

The issue of creating a Museum of the Decembrists was discussed in 1925 and 1975. In 1976, the State Historical Museum, where a rich collection of Decembrist materials had accumulated, developed the concept of creating a museum. Since 1977, the creation of the Decembrist Museum was facilitated by the activities of the Commission on the History of the Decembrist Movement at the Moscow city branch of VOOPIK.

In September 1986, the museum was located in the estate. The manor house was built by the architect of the circle of M. F. Kazakov (in 1816-1817 the future Decembrists M. I., S. I. and I. I. Muravyov-Apostles, poet K. N. Batyushkov visited the house).

The Decembrist Museum did not have its own funds, using materials from the State Historical Museum as a branch to organize exhibitions: “Pushkin and the Decembrists” (1987), “Relics of the Patriotic War of 1812” (1987), “Decembrists and their contemporaries in daguerreotype and photography” (1988) , “Decembrist M. S. Lunin” (1989), “500 years of the Muravyov family” (1990), “Decembrist relics” (1991), “Decembrist M. A. Fonvizin” (1991), etc.; work was carried out to create a permanent exhibition on the theme “Decembrists in Moscow”.

However, already in 1991 the museum was closed due to the emergency condition of the building.

In the same year, at the invitation of the Soviet Cultural Foundation, the Muravyov-Apostles came to Russia: Alexey, Andrey and his son Christopher.

They bring family heirlooms as gifts and, seeing the deplorable state of their ancestral home, decide to restore it with the help of the family. Christopher took on this difficult task. A non-profit organization was created, which was the founder of the House-Museum of Matvey Muravyov-Apostol. After several years spent on various formalities, in December 2000, the main house of the Muravyov-Apostolov estate was leased to the museum by Decree of the Moscow Government for 49 years.

Restoration has begun. Restoration is taking place unique technology while preserving the old wooden frame of the building, exposed fragments of wood were left in the walls during the restoration. In the courtyard of the building, a cultural layer of soil of one and a half meters was removed, artifacts were found during excavations, they were transferred to the museum, and upon completion they will be exhibited.

The estate hosts exhibitions and receptions. Recently, the auction house Christie's celebrated its 15th anniversary in Russia at the estate.

General Director of the Museum - Tatyana Savelyevna Makeeva

This is such beauty after restoration. Interesting? Come...

Contacts:
Staraya Basmannaya Street 23/9,
Moscow, 107066
Phone: +7 499 267-98-66
Email mail:
House-Museum of Matvey Muravyov-Apostol
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Literature:

Muravyov-Apostol, Ivan Matveevich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
“Travel to Taurida...” by I. M. Muravyov-Apostol in the Crimean diary of A. S. Griboedov