Historical reference of the chronicle is the feat of the boy from Kiev. Folk - the feat of the youth of Kiev and the cunning of the governor pretich. Planned results of the study of the topic

Teacher of the Russian language and literature, MBOU "School-gymnasium, kindergarten 25", Simferopol

LYASHENKO TATYANA VALENTINOVNA

The goals of the teacher's activity:

• give an idea of ​​ancient Russian literature, genre and ideological and artistic features of the chronicle
• to acquaint with the creation and the main idea of ​​the story "The feat of the youth ..."
• develop the ability to formulate the theme of the work, to draw conclusions from what has been read
• teach how to write a quotation plan.

• Subject skills: know the features of the story; be able to comprehend and analyze text.
• Meta-subject UUD (universal learning activities):
• Personal: is aware of his difficulties and strives to overcome them, shows the ability to self-evaluate his actions; has a positive attitude to learning, cognitive activity, the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, improves existing ones.
• Regulatory: adequately assesses their achievements, is aware of the difficulties that arise, searches for causes and ways to overcome them; accepts and saves the learning task; plans (in cooperation with the teacher and classmates or independently) the necessary actions, operations, acts according to the plan.
• Cognitive: performs educational and cognitive actions in a materialized and mental form; performs operations of analysis, synthesis, comparison, classification to solve educational problems, establishes cause-and-effect relationships, makes generalizations, conclusions; realizes the cognitive task; reads and listens, extracts the necessary information, and independently finds it in the materials of textbooks, workbooks.
• Communicative: enters into an educational dialogue with the teacher, classmates, participates in a general conversation, observing the rules of speech behavior; asks questions, listens and answers questions of others, formulates his own thoughts, expresses his point of view and substantiates it.

Planned results of the study of the topic:

need for book distribution

Prince of Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavovich

handwritten books

They wrote on parchment.

They made wooden bindings covered with leather.

The books were very expensive.

kept in monasteries

Beginning of writing

among the Eastern Slavs

with the Baptism of Rus' in 998

year during the reign of

Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavich,

grandson of Princess Olga.

Writing came to Rus' from Bulgaria,

where are the brothers Cyril (c. 827-869) and

Methodius (c. 815-885)

created the Slavic alphabet and for the first time

translated liturgical books from Greek

into Church Slavonic. Together with writing in Rus'

different genres came

Byzantine Christian Literature:

life, lesson, word .

Ancient written literature is divided into

secular and ecclesiastical.

The latter received special distribution and development after Christianity began to occupy an increasingly strong position among other world religions.

• The language was different from our language (Old Russian language)
• Artistic images were influenced by the church. Basically - the exploits of the saints

• Annals

• Walking Teaching Message
• Walking Teaching Message
• Teaching Message
• Message

chronicle

• In the XI century in Rus' there is annals. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise in Kiev, at the court of the metropolitan, at that time the main church hierarch in Rus', the “Ancient Kiev Code” was created, that is, stories about the main events in Rus' from ancient times were recorded. Gradually, chroniclers begin to write down not only what happened, but also what is happening at the present time, indicating the year, month, date, and even the day of the week. Such records are called weather records, i.e. records on years. The narration began with the words “In the summer ...” (i.e. “In the year ...”) - hence the name chronicle .

"The Tale of Bygone Years" -

the first monument of literature that has survived to this day.

What does "temporary" mean? Past, long gone.

This work includes legends,

legends.

They covered topics such as

as a national

patriotic,

principalities struggle

for unification

and others.

The motives of "Tale ...":

Information about the origin of the Slavs

Description of the territory of the Russian land, about the tribes that inhabited it in antiquity and their customs

A story about the founding of Kyiv and the first Russian princes.

The story of the adoption of Christianity in Rus'.

The story of the deceit of Svyatopolk (son of Vladimir) and the wise reign of Yaroslav the Wise.

"The feat of the lad-Kiev and the cunning of the governor Pretich"

Svyatoslav(?-972), the Grand Duke of Kiev, was an exceptionally active prince. Beginning in 964, he made campaigns from Kyiv to the Oka, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Balkans. He freed the Vyatichi from the power of the Khazars, fought in Volga Bulgaria, defeated the Khazar Khaganate in 965, which contributed to the strengthening of the foreign policy position of Rus'. In 967, he went on a campaign to Bulgaria in order to win back the lands along the Danube from her. There, in the small town of Pereyaslavets on the Danube, Svyatoslav wanted to move the capital of Rus'.

The story of the feat of the boy from Kiev begins with the words:

"In the summer of 6476 (968)". This means that the events took place in 6476 from the Creation of the world.

In Ancient Rus', the chronology was not adopted from the Nativity of Christ, as we consider years now,

but from the Creation of the world. In parentheses, modern historians, for our convenience, indicate the same year according to modern chronology.

Concepts and terms

• Otrok (outdated)- a teenage boy between a child and a young man, 9-15 years old. In ancient Rus', in a word lad also called princely servants. The Tale of Bygone Years is not about a teenager, but about one of the prince's servants.
• The Pechenegs are tribes that lived in the 8th-9th centuries. in the Volga steppes. They occupied a particularly large territory in the 9th century between the Volga and Danube rivers, representing a serious enemy for Rus'. Rook - a medieval ship with a small draft, driven by oars and a sail
• Camp of the Pechenegs - a camp, a camp of the Pechenegs
• Voivode - leader of the squad
• Druzhina - a detachment of soldiers in the service of the prince
• "I am his husband" ... I serve the prince
• "in watchmen" - with the forward detachment
• Fatherland - the land of fathers, homeland
• Broken - very sad
• Princes - children of the prince

TALK ON QUESTIONS:

• Could the chronicler himself have witnessed this event?
• What feat did the boy from Kiev accomplish?
• What was the trick of the Governor Pretich?
• What helped the boy cope with the task
• governors?
• What character traits did you see in the boy?
• What is the theme of this piece?

Andrey Ivanovich Ivanov

The plot of the picture was one of the heroic episodes of the ancient chronicle. In 968, when the army of Prince Svyatoslav was on a long campaign, the Pecheneg nomads besieged Kyiv.

The hero of the picture is an unknown young resident of Kiev. Knowing the language of the Pechenegs, he walked with a bridle in his hands through the enemy camp. When the enemies called out to him, the young man replied that he was looking for a runaway horse. Having crossed the Dnieper, he found the Russian squad and brought it to the aid of the besieged city. The artist uses the technique of highlighting the main character in order to oppose the hero to the dark forces of the Pechenegs. His body is not naked by chance, this technique performs an important artistic task: it makes the hero defenseless and vulnerable against the backdrop of formidable weapons and armor of enemies, thereby arousing sympathy for the unarmed hero in the viewer.

• Ivanov A.I. The feat of a young Kyivian during the siege of Kyiv by the Pechenegs in 968. Around 1810.
• Canvas, oil. 204 x 177.5. State Russian Museum

We read a textbook article compiled according to the book by D. S. Likhachev "Native land"

• What is the position of the heroes of the chronicle story you read "The feat of the youth-Kievite and the cunning of the governor Pretich"?
• How do you understand the words of D. S. Likhachev: “We must be grateful sons of our great mother - Ancient Rus'”?
• Can the story about the youth from Kiev “serve the present”?

REFLECTION

• 1. During the lesson, I worked actively / passively
• 2. The material of the lesson was useful / useless to me
• 3. The lesson was interesting/boring
• 4. Homework seems easy / difficult to me

Homework

1. Make a quotation plan in a notebook, prepare a retelling of the story.

“The feat of a youth from Kiev and the cunning of the governor Pretich” is included in the famous chronicle of Nestor “The Tale of Bygone Years”. The features of the work make it possible to interpret its genre in different ways: as a legend or a chronicle story. Giving "Feat ..." can be called due to the fact that it conveys the popular interpretation of a historical event. At the same time, this is a fairly detailed story about the events of antiquity, which is typical of a chronicle story. We must not forget that the story in this context means a short story.

The theme of the legend is the capture of Kyiv by the Pechenegs and the liberation of the city. The author shows how love for the motherland can become a lifeline for an entire nation. Tradition exalts such traits as patriotism, courage and resourcefulness. The idea of ​​patriotism, by the way, is common to the entire Tale of Bygone Years.

The plot of the "Feat ...", like most chronicle stories, is simple. In the exposition there is an indication of the year when the events take place, a short description of the oblogue of Kyiv is also given, the names of the nobles who stayed in Kyiv are listed. The chronicler does not forget to tell that Svyatoslav was just staying in Pereyaslavets. The plot is the search for a volunteer to go to the other side of the Dnieper and the consent of the lad. The development of events includes the path of the youth, his conversation with Pretich. The climax is a conversation between Pretich and the Pechenegs. The denouement is the return of Svyatoslav and the victory over the Pechenegs. As you can see, all the elements of the plot are in the correct sequence.

The system of images in the legend "The feat of the youth-Kiev and the cunning of the governor Pretich" is not branched. There are two prefabricated images - the Pechenegs and the Russian people. The chronicler also mentions Princess Olga, her grandchildren Oleg and Yaropolk. They are secondary characters, since they practically do not affect the main events.

In the center of the legend - and. It is they who play the main role in the liberation of Kyiv. A youth from the common people, his name is never mentioned in the text. The guy is smart, strong, knows the Pecheneg language. These qualities help him cross over to the other side. The image of the voivode Pretich is controversial. He is cunning, smart, finds a way to expel the enemy. At the same time, he first takes care of the lives of the princess and her grandchildren, knowing that if they die, then Svyatoslav will destroy him. The salvation of the people is relegated to the background.

We first get acquainted with Prince Svyatoslav "in absentia", because during the oblog he is not in Kyiv, then he is mentioned in the conversations of other characters. At the end of the legend, the prince returns and liberates his lands. The attitude towards the prince of the people and the chronicler himself is ambiguous. On the one hand, they respect him, they are afraid of the wrath of Svyatoslav, on the other hand, they believe that the prince left Kyiv to the mercy of fate, and he himself is “looking for a foreign land.”

The genre specifics and the time of writing the chronicle "The feat of the youth-Kiev and the cunning of the voivode Pretich" were reflected in the style. The text contains historicisms (“voivode”, “lad”, “prince”), archaisms (“husband”, “team”), historical names (Pereyaslavets, Russian lands, Lybid). Artistic means and syntactic constructions are close to folklore.

In the summer of 6476 (968). For the first time, the Pechenegs came to the Russian land, and Svyatoslav was then in Pereyaslavets, and Olga locked herself up with her grandchildren Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir in the city of Kiev. And the Pechenegs besieged the city with a great force: there were countless of them around the city, and it was impossible to leave the city, nor to send, and people were exhausted from hunger and thirst. And the people of that side of the Dnieper gathered in boats and stood on the other side, and it was impossible either to get into Kyiv, or from the city to them. And people in the city began to grieve and said: "Is there anyone who could get over to the other side and tell them: if you don't approach the city in the morning, we will surrender to the Pechenegs." And one youth said: "I will make my way", and they answered him: "Go." He left the city, holding a bridle, and ran through the Pechenegs' camp, asking them: "Did anyone see a horse?" For he knew the Pecheneg language, and they took him for their own. And when he approached the river, then, throwing off his clothes, he rushed into the Dnieper and swam. Seeing this, the Pechenegs rushed after him, shot at him, but could not do anything to him. On the other side they noticed this, rode up to him in a boat, took him in a boat and brought him to the squad. And the youth said to them: "If you don't come to the city tomorrow, then people will surrender to the Pechenegs." Their governor, named Pretich, said to this: "Let's go tomorrow in boats and, having captured the princess and princes, we will rush to this shore. If we don't do this, then Svyatoslav will destroy us." And the next morning, close to dawn, they sat in the boats and trumpeted loudly, and people in the city shouted. It seemed to the Pechenegs that the prince himself had come, and they fled from the city in all directions. And Olga went out with her grandchildren and people to the boats. The Pecheneg prince, seeing this, returned alone and turned to the governor Pretich: "Who did this come?" And he answered him: "People of that side (of the Dnieper)". The Pecheneg prince again asked: "Are you not a prince?" Pretich answered: "I am his husband, I came with the vanguard, and behind me comes the army with the prince himself: there are countless of them." He said so to scare them. The prince of the Pechenegs said to Pretich: "Be my friend." He replied, "I will." And they gave each other hands, and gave the Pecheneg prince Pretich a horse, a saber and arrows. The same gave him chain mail, a shield and a sword. And the Pechenegs retreated from the city, and it was impossible to bring the horse to drink: the Pechenegs stood on Lybid. And the people of Kiev sent to Svyatoslav with the words: “You, prince, are looking for someone else’s land and take care of it, but you left your own, and the Pechenegs and your mother and your children almost took us. If you don’t come and protect us, then they will take - still us. Don't you feel sorry for your fatherland, your old mother, your children?" Hearing this, Svyatoslav and his retinue quickly mounted horses and returned to Kiev; he greeted his mother and children and lamented about what happened to them from the Pechenegs. And he gathered the soldiers, and drove the Pechenegs into the field, and peace came.

Sections: Literature

Why do we turn to the literature of the distant past? What does it give to the modern reader?
First of all, of course, a cultured person must know his history. Acquaintance with history teaches a person to appreciate the beauty that the people have created. Seeing with what labor, struggle and deeds many generations built the building of our culture, we gain the “independence” of a person ”(A. S. Pushkin), we realize ourselves as a link in the chain of generations.
And what does reading the annals give?
Reading the chronicle, we hear the living voice of distant ancestors. The works of the past, as it were, destroy the barriers between eras.
Let's try to feel the ownership of history. But it is not easy to perceive the art of antiquity, because ancient literature is very peculiar.
Chronicle writing in Rus' began in the 11th century. The first chronicler was the Kiev-Pechersk monk Nikon, who was called the Great. His life was full of turbulent events, he was actively involved in the political struggle against those Kievan princes who put their own interests above the all-Russian ones, he was twice forced to flee to Tmutarakan. At the end of his life, he became abbot of the Kiev Caves Monastery. It was then, apparently, that he compiled the chronicle. Scientists call the date of its creation 1073.
His work was continued by others, and in the first quarter of the 12th century, the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor, supplementing it with new information, gave the chronicle the title - "The Tale of Bygone Years." This is one of the most remarkable works of ancient Russian literature. This "Tale ..." has come down to us, rewritten and partly revised by the monk of the neighboring Vydubetsky monastery Sylvester. So this work is the fruit of the creativity of several generations of chroniclers.

Program: Ed. G. I. Belenky (Textbook - reader for grade 6. "Literature. Initial course" edited by M. A. Snezhnevskaya).

The purpose of the lesson: Determine the meaning of "The Tale of Bygone Years"

Lesson objectives:

• educational:
• to give students an idea of ​​the ancient Russian chronicles;
• practice the ability to retell the text;
• teach expressive reading.
• developing
• development of text matching skills;
• development of students' critical thought;
• development of creative abilities.
• educators:
• using the chronicles as an example, to show the patriotism of the Russian people, such spiritual qualities as selflessness, inner kindness.

Teaching method: heuristic, problem situation.

Teaching methods:

• frontal conversation;
• individual work;
• expressive reading;
• dramatization of the passage.

Lesson type: lesson consolidation with in-depth analysis of the text.

Type of lesson: combined lesson.

Preliminary work: at the last lesson, as homework, it was given: 1) re-read "The Tale of Bygone Years"; 2) make an illustration for the selected episode.

Equipment: board with notes; exhibition of illustrations for the story; presentation.

DURING THE CLASSES

I.Introductory speech of the teacher

Guys, for several lessons of literature, we studied the topic: "The Tale of Bygone Years as a literary monument." Today we will try to prove that this work is both a historical monument and a literary monument.

II. Frontal conversation with the class

Teacher: What is a story?

Answer: All-Russian annalistic code compiled in Kyiv in the second decade of the 12th century and laid the foundation for most of the chronicle codes that have come down to our time. As a separate independent monument, the story has not been preserved.

Teacher: How many and what copies exist at the present time?

Answer: Several copies are currently available. Of these, the most remarkable two are: a handwritten parchment collection of 1337 - is stored in the State Public Library named after M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin (Laurentian Chronicle) and a handwritten collection of the beginning of the XV - is stored in the library of the Academy of Russian Federation (Ipatiev Chronicle).

Teacher: Why are these copies so called?

Answer: The Laurentian Chronicle is named after its chronicler, the monk Lavrenty, who rewrote it for the Suzdal Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich in 1337. We learn this information from Lawrence's note at the end of the manuscript he rewrote. The Laurentian Chronicle is a collection, which included two works: the Tale of Bygone Years itself, and the so-called Suzdal Chronicle, brought up to 1305.
The Ipatiev Chronicle is named after the former place of storage - the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. This is also a collection, which includes several chronicles, including The Tale of Bygone Years. In this document, the narrative is brought up to 1202.

Answer: In the lists of some chronicles, the compilers of the story named the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor, who lived at the beginning of the 12th century.

Teacher: What is the source of the story?

Answer: Since the chronicle is not a single work, but a chronicle code, the sources for it were: the Kiev-Pechersk code of the end of the 11th century, the Russian-Byzantine Treaties of the 10th century, Olga's revenge on the Drevlyans, oral stories of the monks of the Kiev Caves Monastery and others.

Teacher: What is the peculiarity of the story and the merit of Nestor?

Answer: The fact that Nestor was the first ancient Russian historiographer who connected the history of Rus' with the history of the Eastern European and Slavic peoples. In addition, a feature of the story is its attachment to world history.

III. Working with illustrations

And now let's look at a reproduction of the painting "Nestor the Chronicler" by V. M. Vasnetsov.
Nestor, as we have already said, lived in the Kiev Caves Monastery. He worked in his cell - by day by the light of the sun, by night by the light of a candle. The icon lamp burned. The chronicler wrote on sheets made of calfskin. Such material was very expensive and was called parchment. Now we write with pens, and in Vasnetsov's painting, the chronicler writes with a goose quill, dipping it in ink. Nestor is dressed in monastic clothes. He has gray hair and a white beard. He carefully turns over the already written page of the book. Behind him on the table lies a thick large book, fastened with a padlock. From the window you can see the fortress walls with a tower and a church on a hill. Buildings and cells in Vasnetsov's painting are depicted plausibly.
What impression does this illustration make on you?
- And what did your classmate want to convey with these drawings?

IV. "The Tale of Prince Oleg". dramatization

Teacher: Who did you learn from the story?
Answer: About Prince Igor, Princess Olga, Oleg and Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb.

Teacher: What do you remember about Oleg?
Answer: Prince Oleg, with ease, usual for a fairy-tale hero, overcomes all obstacles in his path: he takes Smolensk and Lyubech without a fight, overcomes Kiev by cunning; encountering no resistance, he defeats the Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichi; goes on a campaign to Tsargrad. He intimidates the Greeks with cunning: he orders to attach wheels to the boats and so, on wheels, enters Tsargrad. Oleg is wise and prophetic, he does not drink wine poisoned by the Greeks. He dies, like other fairy-tale heroes, unexpectedly, by a death predicted by a prophetic soothsayer - from a snake bite.

Teacher: What story is based on this legend?
Answer: A. S. Pushkin "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg".

Teacher: What events of the ballad are not described in the annals? What events did the poet conjecture, imagine?
Answer: Oleg's meeting with a magician, Oleg's question, the magician's prophecy. In the annals, only the appearance of Oleg, a loving horse, beloved by warriors and servants, is revealed. Nothing is said about the sorcerer, only his prediction is briefly mentioned.

Teacher: And now your classmates will show a staging of this legend.
Teacher: Did the girls manage to convey Oleg's attitude towards his horse?
Teacher: What does this legend teach us?

Answer: You can't betray friends.

V. Frontal conversation with the class

Teacher: Let's now turn to the title of the Tale: "Behold the tales of temporary years, where did the Russian land come from, who in Kiev began first to reign, and from where did the Russian land come from."

Reading by heart the passage "Resettlement of the Slavs."

Teacher: What do we learn from this passage?
Answer: It tells about the distribution of land after the biblical flood among the sons of Noah.

Teacher: What questions does the chronicler ask himself?
Answer: How did the Russian land come about?

Teacher: What is the meaning of the word "earth"?
Answer: Territory, people, state.

Teacher: What other questions does the chronicler of the story pose in its title?
Answer: Which prince was the first to reign in Kyiv and who is considered the founder of the dynasty? How did the Russian state, modern to the chroniclers, take shape?

Teacher: Conclusion:"The story is not the history of princes, but the history of the state, the history of the Russian land. Therefore, no matter how great the role of an individual, the prince, he is of interest to the chronicler not in himself, but only as a participant in the history of the state, the history of the Russian land." The main idea of ​​the story is love for the motherland. The leitmotif "Do not destroy the land of your fathers and grandfathers" constantly sounds in the Tale.

VI. Work with the text: "The feat of the boy-Kiev and the cunning of the governor Pretich"

Teacher: The Tale includes folk legends, the heroes of which are not princes, but ordinary Russian people, who, by their personal initiative, liberate their native land from enemies. An example of such a legend is "The feat of a youth from Kiev and the cunning of the governor Pretich."
When do the events described take place?
- Who reigned in Kyiv?
- What do you know about the reign of Svyatoslav?
- Who are the Pechenegs? Why did they attack Kyiv? (Unification of Turkic and other tribes in the Trans-Volga steppes inVIII - IXcenturies. Nomadic pastoralists often raided Rus'. In 1036 they were defeated by the great Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise).
- How do you understand the word "lad"? (Otrok (old) - a teenage boy aged between a child and a young man.)
- How did the lad act to save the city?
- What threatened the lad if the enemies guessed that he was from Kiev, and not from the Pechenegs?
- What was the trick of the Governor Pretich?
- With what words did the inhabitants of the city address Svyatoslav?
- What is the position of the heroes of the chronicle story you read? (The heroes of the chronicle story read for the most part occupy a high position in society: Pretich is a governor, he makes peace with the Pecheneg prince; Svyatoslav is a Russian prince, Princess Olga is his mother. Only the lad does not occupy a high position, but he can rightly be called outstanding brave.)
- How do you understand the words of D.S. Likhachev: "We must be grateful sons of our great mother - Ancient Rus'"? (Because our ancestors, in a hard struggle against the invaders, defended the independence of our land, giving us an example of inner strength and mental fortitude. This can be expressed in a careful attitude to the monuments of Russian antiquity, in a thoughtful and careful study of history and in caring for the beauty and prosperity of our modern Russia Our country is our heritage, and we must take care of it and then pass it on to our children).
- Can the story about the lad - a resident of Kiev "serve modernity "? (Yes, showing an example of courage and selflessness for the sake of saving their native land).
- And what other legends from the story speak of ordinary Russian people who performed feats? ("The Tale of Kozhemyak", "The Tale of Belgorod Kissel").

VII. Lesson conclusion

Teacher: Is The Tale of Bygone Years interesting to the modern reader?
Let's turn to the words of D. S. Likhachev: "Ancient Russian literature fills us with pride for our distant predecessors, teaches us to respect their work, struggle, their concern for the good of the motherland."
Do you agree with these statements? (Interesting, because from them we learn about the history of our country. Knowledge of the past makes people feel the character of their people).

VIII. Homework.

Free reading.

IX. Summarizing

The teacher calls grades for the lesson, calling "+" and "-" answering. Puts grades in the diary.