Meaning of bayazid ii in the collier dictionary. Bayazet II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire - All the monarchies of the world Difficult "taking office"

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3. Gulruh Khatun
4. Bulbul Khatun
5. Husnushah Hatun
6. Gulbahar Khatun
7. Ferahshad Khatun
8. Aisha Khatun Children: Sons: Shehzade Ahmet (1465-1513),
Shekhzade Korkut (1469-1512),
Shehzade Selim,
Shehzade Mahmut (?-1505),
Shehzade Mehmet,
Shehzade Alemshah,
Shehzade Abdullah
Shehzade Shehenshah
Daughters: Gevher Muluk Sultan,

Selcuk Sultan,
Hatice Sultan,
Ayse Sultan,
Hundi Sultan,
Ain-i Shah Sultan,
Fatma Sultan,
Huma Sultan,
Chamber Sultan,
Ilaldi Khatun,
Shehzade Shah Khatun,
Sultanzade Khatun

His reign saw a series of wars with Hungary, Poland, Venice, Egypt and Persia. They were carried out with varying success and did not represent particularly outstanding moments, but nevertheless contributed to the strengthening of the Ottoman power.

Bayezid II led several campaigns to conquer the Venetian possessions in Morea, identifying this area as the key to future Ottoman maritime dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean. As a result of a four-year war (1499-1503), he defeated the Venetian land and naval forces and captured the entire Morea (Southern Greece). Bayezid's conquest of the last Venetian possessions in Dalmatia provided a strong position for his successors to advance into Hungary.

In the east, Bayezid established Ottoman control over the entire Black Sea, capturing its eastern coast in 1501. He inherited border conflicts with the Mamluk Empire in Syria and Egypt, and with the Safavid dynasty that came to power in Iran. In Anatolia, the Sultan had to fight the rebels, in one of the battles even the Grand Vizier of Bayezid II Ali Pasha was killed. At the same time, Bayazid never brought clashes on the eastern borders to open wars, which allowed him to strengthen the empire created by his predecessors. This enabled Bayezid's youngest son and successor, Selim I, to focus his efforts on the conquest of Arab lands, and the strategic positions he won in the Balkans served as the basis for subsequent conquests in Europe carried out by Selim's successor, Suleiman I the Magnificent.

Jewish and Muslim immigration

Continuity

In popular culture

Bayezid II's childhood is depicted in the Turkish film Conquest 1453 (2012).
The struggle of Bayezid II with his son Selim is reflected in the video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations.
The fate of Cem, Bayezid's brother and rival, and his relationship with Pope Innocent VIII and Pope Alexander VI are reflected in the television series "Borgia".
Bayezid II appears as a character in the television series Da Vinci's Demons. According to the story, he seeks an audience with Pope Sixtus IV, believing that peace between Rome and Constantinople is possible, but was ridiculed and humiliated by Sixtus, which later allegedly became the reason for the Turkish invasion of Otranto.

Family

Wives

Shirin Khatun
Gulruh Khatun
Bulbul Khatun
Husnushah Hatun
Ferahshad Khatun

Children

Shehzade Ahmet (1465-1513) - son from Bulbul Khatun, governor of Sharikhan and Amasya in 1483-1513
Shekhzade Korkut (1469-1512) - son from Nigar Khatun, governor of Sharikhan and Anatolia in 1502-1509 and 1510-1511
Şehzade Selim - son by Gülbahar Khatun, future Sultan Selim I Yavuz
Shehzade Mahmut(?-1505) - son from Bulbul Khatun, governor of Sharikhan in 1502
Shehzade Mehmet - son of Ferahshad Khatun, governor of Kefe
Shehzade Alemshah- son from Gulruh Khatun, governor of Kastamonu and Sharikhan in 1504-1507
Shehzade Abdullah - son from Shirin Khatun, governor of Sharikhan and Karaman in 1481-1483
Shehzade Shehenshah- son from Husnushah Khatun, governor of Sharikhan and Karaman in 1483-1511
Gevher Muluk Sultan - daughter of Bulbul Hatun, wife of Mehmet Pasha Dukakis
Selçuk Sultan - wife of Kara Mustafa Pasha
Hatice Sultan - daughter of Bulbul Hatun, wife of Faik Pasha
Aishe Sultan - daughter from Nigar Hatun, wife of Guveya Sinan Pasha
Hundi Sultan - daughter from Bulbul Khatun, wife of Hersekli Ahmed Pasha
Ain-i Shah Sultan- daughter from Shirin Khatun
Fatma Sultan - daughter from Nigar Khatun, wife of Guzelche Hasan Bey
Hyuma Sultan - Antalyaly Bala Pasha's wife
Kamer Sultan - daughter from Gulruh Khatun, Mustafa Bey's wife
Ilaldi Khatun - Gayn Ahmed Pasha's wife
Shehzade Shah Khatun - daughter of Bulbul Khatun, wife of Nasuh Bey
Sultanzade Khatun - daughter from Hyusnyushah Khatun

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Notes

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
Egger Vernon O. A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. - Prentice Hall, 2008. - P. 82. - ISBN 0-13-226969-4.
The Jewish Encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day, Vol.2 Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler, Funk and Wagnalls, 1912 p.460
, p. 44.
, p. 46.
, p. 45.
, p. 49.
, p. 51.
, p. 50.
, p. 48.
, p. 52.

Literature

Sidney Nettleton Fisher.(PDF). Utrecht University.
M. Çağatay Uluçay. Padishahların kadınları ve kızları. - Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1985.
// Military encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky [i dr.]. - St. Petersburg. ; [M .] : Typ. t-va I. V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

An excerpt characterizing Bayezid II

The original line of disposition of the Russian troops along the Kolocha was broken, and part of this line, namely the left flank of the Russians, was driven back as a result of the capture of the Shevardinsky redoubt on the 24th. This part of the line was not fortified, no longer protected by the river, and in front of it alone there was a more open and level place. It was obvious to every military and non-military that this part of the line was to be attacked by the French. It seemed that this did not require many considerations, it did not need such care and troublesomeness of the emperor and his marshals, and it did not need at all that special higher ability, called genius, which Napoleon is so fond of ascribed to; but the historians who subsequently described this event, and the people who then surrounded Napoleon, and he himself thought differently.
Napoleon rode across the field, peered thoughtfully at the terrain, shook his head approvingly or incredulously with himself, and, without informing the generals around him of the thoughtful move that guided his decisions, conveyed to them only final conclusions in the form of orders. After listening to the proposal of Davout, called the Duke of Eckmuhl, to turn around the Russian left flank, Napoleon said that this should not be done, without explaining why it was not necessary. On the proposal of General Kompan (who was supposed to attack the fleches), to lead his division through the forest, Napoleon expressed his consent, despite the fact that the so-called Duke of Elchingen, that is, Ney, allowed himself to remark that the movement through the forest was dangerous and could upset the division.
After inspecting the area opposite the Shevardinsky redoubt, Napoleon thought for a while in silence and pointed to the places where two batteries were to be arranged by tomorrow for action against the Russian fortifications, and the places where field artillery was to line up next to them.
Having given these and other orders, he returned to his headquarters, and the disposition of the battle was written under his dictation.
This disposition, about which French historians speak with delight and other historians with deep respect, was as follows:
“At dawn, two new batteries, arranged in the night, on the plain occupied by Prince Ekmülsky, will open fire on two opposing enemy batteries.
At the same time, the chief of artillery of the 1st Corps, General Pernetti, with 30 guns of the Compan division and all the howitzers of the Desse and Friant division, will move forward, open fire and bombard the enemy battery with grenades, against which they will act!
24 guards artillery guns,
30 guns of the Kompan division
and 8 guns of the Friant and Desse divisions,
In total - 62 guns.
The chief of artillery of the 3rd corps, General Fouche, will put all the howitzers of the 3rd and 8th corps, 16 in total, on the flanks of the battery, which is assigned to bombard the left fortification, which will total 40 guns against it.
General Sorbier must be ready at the first order to take out with all the howitzers of the guards artillery against one or another fortification.
In continuation of the cannonade, Prince Poniatowski will go to the village, into the forest and bypass the enemy position.
General Kompan will move through the forest to take the first fortification.
Upon entering the battle in this way, orders will be given according to the actions of the enemy.
The cannonade on the left flank will begin as soon as the cannonade of the right wing is heard. The riflemen of Moran's and Viceroy's divisions will open heavy fire upon seeing the right wing attack begin.
The viceroy will take possession of the village [Borodin] and cross his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Moran and Gerard, who, under his leadership, will move towards the redoubt and enter the line with the rest of the army.
All this must be carried out in order (le tout se fera avec ordre et methode), keeping the troops as far as possible in reserve.
In the imperial camp, near Mozhaisk, September 6, 1812.
This disposition, very vaguely and confusedly written - if you allow yourself to treat his orders without religious horror at the genius of Napoleon - contained four points - four orders. None of these orders could be and was not executed.
The disposition says, firstly: that the batteries arranged at the place chosen by Napoleon with the guns of Pernetti and Fouche, having aligned with them, a total of one hundred and two guns, open fire and bombard the Russian flashes and redoubt with shells. This could not be done, since the shells did not reach the Russian works from the places appointed by Napoleon, and these one hundred and two guns fired at empty until the nearest commander, contrary to Napoleon's order, pushed them forward.
The second order was that Poniatowski, heading for the village into the forest, bypassed the left wing of the Russians. This could not be and was not done because Poniatowski, heading for the village into the forest, met Tuchkov blocking his way there and could not and did not bypass the Russian position.
Third order: General Kompan will move into the forest to take the first fortification. Compana's division did not capture the first fortification, but was repulsed, because, leaving the forest, it had to be built under grapeshot fire, which Napoleon did not know.
Fourth: The Viceroy will take possession of the village (Borodin) and cross his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Maran and Friant (of which it is not said where and when they will move), which, under his leadership, will go to the redoubt and enter the line with other troops.
As far as one can understand - if not from the stupid period of this, then from those attempts that were made by the Viceroy to fulfill the orders given to him - he was to move through Borodino on the left to the redoubt, while the divisions of Moran and Friant were to move simultaneously from the front.
All this, as well as other points of the disposition, was not and could not be executed. Having passed Borodino, the viceroy was repulsed on Kolocha and could not go further; the divisions of Moran and Friant did not take the redoubt, but were repulsed, and the redoubt was captured by cavalry at the end of the battle (probably an unforeseen and unheard of thing for Napoleon). So, none of the orders of the disposition was and could not be executed. But the disposition says that after entering the battle in this way, orders will be given corresponding to the actions of the enemy, and therefore it might seem that during the battle all the necessary orders will be made by Napoleon; but this was not and could not be because during the whole time of the battle Napoleon was so far away from him that (as it turned out later) he could not know the course of the battle and not a single order of his during the battle could be executed.

Many historians say that battle of Borodino not won by the French because Napoleon had a cold, that if he had not had a cold, then his orders before and during the battle would have been even more brilliant, and Russia would have perished, et la face du monde eut ete changee. [and the face of the world would change.] For historians who acknowledge that Russia was formed at the behest of one man, Peter the Great, and that France was formed from a republic into an empire, and the French troops went to Russia at the behest of one man, Napoleon, such reasoning that Russia remained powerful because Napoleon had a bad cold on the 26th, such reasoning for such historians is inevitably consistent.
If it depended on the will of Napoleon to give or not to give the Battle of Borodino, and it depended on his will to make such or another order, then it is obvious that the common cold, which had an influence on the manifestation of his will, could be the reason for the salvation of Russia and that therefore the valet who forgot to give Napoleon waterproof boots on the 24th, was the savior of Russia. On this path of thought, this conclusion is undoubted, just as undoubted as the conclusion that Voltaire, jokingly (without knowing why himself), said that the St. Bartholomew night came from an upset stomach of Charles IX. But for people who do not allow Russia to be formed at the will of one person - Peter I, and for the French Empire to take shape and the war with Russia to begin at the will of one person - Napoleon, this reasoning does not only seem incorrect, unreasonable, but also contrary to all human beings. When asked what is the cause historical events, another answer appears, which consists in the fact that the course of world events is predetermined from above, depends on the coincidence of all the arbitrariness of the people participating in these events, and that the influence of Napoleons on the course of these events is only external and fictitious.
Strange as it may seem at first glance, the assumption that the Bartholomew night, the order for which was given by Charles IX, did not happen by his will, but that it only seemed to him that he ordered it to be done, and that the Battle of Borodino of eighty thousand people did not happen by the will of Napoleon (despite the fact that he gave orders about the beginning and course of the battle), but that it seemed to him only that he ordered it - strange as this assumption seems, but human dignity , which tells me that each of us, if not more, then in no way less than the great Napoleon, orders us to allow this solution of the issue, and historical research abundantly confirms this assumption.
In the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon neither shot nor killed anyone. All this was done by the soldiers. So he didn't kill people.
The soldiers of the French army went to kill Russian soldiers in the battle of Borodino, not as a result of Napoleon's orders, but own will. The whole army: the French, Italians, Germans, Poles - hungry, ragged and exhausted by the campaign - in view of the army blocking Moscow from them, felt that le vin est tire et qu "il faut le boire. [The wine is uncorked and you have to drink it.] If Napoleon forbade them now to fight the Russians, they would kill him and go to fight the Russians, because they needed it.
When they listened to the order of Napoleon, who presented them with consolation for their injuries and death, the words of posterity that they were in the battle near Moscow, they shouted "Vive l" Empereur! just as they shouted "Vive l" Empereur! at the sight of a picture of a boy piercing the globe with a bilbock stick; just as they would shout "Vive l" Empereur! with any nonsense that they would have been told. There was nothing left for them to do but shout "Vive l" Empereur! and go fight to find food and rest for the winners in Moscow. Therefore, it was not because of Napoleon's orders that they killed their own kind.

The life of a pious savior of the Jews and patron of sciences and arts from the Ottoman Empire

Kazan researcher Bulat Nogmanov, whose publications are read by Mintimer Shaimiev, continues to acquaint the readers of Realnoe Vremya with his observations about the culture and history of Turkey. Today's story is dedicated to Sultan Bayazid II - the pious savior of the Jews and the patron of sciences and arts.

Difficult "taking office"

The eighth padish of the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid II, who was born in the small Greek city of Didymotika, in Western Thrace, after reaching the age of seven, was sent to the already familiar Amasya, where he spent 27 years as the head of the sanjak (region), received a thorough religious and secular education and was brought up as a future ruler. His mentor and spiritual teacher was Sheikh Yavsi (Sheikh of the Bayramiya tariqa). The connection between the teacher and the student was not interrupted even after Bayezid II ascended the Ottoman throne. For proximity to the emperor, Sheikh Yavsi was also called Hyunkar Sheikhs (Sultan Sheikh). In addition, Bayezid II took calligraphy lessons from one of the most famous calligraphers of the Ottoman Empire, Sheikh Hamdullah.

The news of the death of Fatih Mehmed II was sent to Bayezid and his brother Cem Sultan by the Grand Vizier of Karamanli Mehmed Pasha. However, the messenger sent to Cem was intercepted by the people of the Beylerbey of Anatolia Sinan Pasha, as a result of which Cem found out about the death of his father 4 days later. During this time, the Janissaries, who supported Bayezid, revolted in Istanbul, killed the grand vizier, and for a time, before Bayezid arrived in the city, appointed his son Korkut as sultan. Arriving from Amasya to Istanbul, accompanied by 4,000 soldiers, Bayezid takes over the sultan's duties from his son and conducts the Julus (enthronement) ceremony, during which he distributes 3,000 akçe to the ministers and increases the content of the Janissaries to 4 akçe per day. By this action, he strengthens his position on the throne.

Portrait of Cem Sultan by Pinturicchio. ill. wikipedia.org

Of course, when he learned about Bayazid's ascension to the Ottoman throne, Cem Sultan was not delighted. Together with his warriors, he captures Bursa, declares himself a sultan, starts minting money in his own name and invites Bayezid to divide the empire. The empire is again on the threshold of a new period of interregnum. However, the reign of Cem Sultan lasted only 18 days. The army of Bayezid II first pushes him to Konya, and then to Tarsus. Further, at the invitation of the Mamluk Sultan, Cem leaves for Cairo, manages to make a hajj, return to Konya with the army, lose the battle, retreat to Ankara, get to Rhodes in the Order of the Hospitallers, meet Pope Innocent VIII, live in Europe and die in Italy in 1495. The life of Cem Sultan was full of adventures, secrets and mysteries. It is said that while he was living in Cairo, Bayezid II offered him 1 million akçe to give up his claim to the throne, but Cem refused. There is also evidence that Pope Innocent VIII said that he would recognize him as the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire if he agreed to convert to Christianity. After the death of Cem Sultan Bayezid II declared a three-day mourning in the country, genazah prayers were read in all the mosques of the empire, and 100,000 akche were distributed to the poor. The return of the body from Italy took 4 years and was the subject of bargaining between the two countries, however, it was returned to its homeland and buried in Bursa.

Wars and the "small end of the world"

The reign of Bayezid II lasted a little over 30 years. During this time, five large campaigns were made, which, due to the personal participation of the Sultan in them, were called “Sefer-i Humayun”, that is, imperial campaigns. Compared to his father, Bayezid II made not so many conquests, he expanded the borders of the empire by only 150 thousand square meters. km, however, he prepared very good ground for his descendants for future conquests and strengthening of the empire. His main military achievements include the establishment of control over the Black Sea and the conquest of southern Greece as a result of the complete defeat of the Venetians on land and at sea. The most significant event of the war with the Venetian Republic, which lasted 4 years, was the naval battle of Sapienza or, as it is also called, the battle of Zonko. It was the first naval battle in history in which cannons mounted on warships were used.

In addition, there were border wars with the Mamluk Sultanate, which did not lead to territorial changes in both states. The conflict between the two Islamic countries was settled through the mediation of the Sultan of Tunisia. There were also border clashes with the ruler of Safavid Iran, Shah Ismail.

In September 1509, a strong earthquake occurred in Istanbul and the surrounding cities, lasting more than 45 days, which claimed the lives of more than 5 thousand inhabitants, destroyed 109 mosques and more than a thousand houses. Photo by Maxim Platonov

In addition to wars, the period of the reign of Bayezid II was remembered by the so-called "small end of the world." In September 1509, a strong earthquake occurred in Istanbul and the surrounding cities, lasting more than 45 days, which claimed the lives of more than 5 thousand inhabitants, destroyed 109 mosques and more than a thousand houses. For the restoration work, which began at the end of March 1510 and lasted 65 days, 37,000 builders from Anatolia, 29,000 builders from Rumelia, as well as 3,000 architects and carpenters from different parts of the country were involved. The work was supervised by Mimar Hayreddin. After the restoration work was completed, food was distributed to the poor for three days and three nights in Istanbul.

Almost holy

Bayazid II himself is described by contemporaries as a tall, strong, but at the same time gentle person. For his deep piety, he was nicknamed "Veli", which can be translated as "saint". At the very beginning of his reign, a interesting story. One day, the Sultan was hunting in the vicinity of what was then Istanbul in the Galata region and saw a beautifully manicured garden and a dervish praying among roses. The dervish was a representative of the Bektashi Sufi brotherhood Gul Baba. He showed the Sultan the garden. Fascinated by his magnificence, Bayazid II wanted to reward the dervish for his efforts and said that he would fulfill his every wish. According to legend, Gul Baba asked to build a school and a hospital. The Sultan fulfilled the wish of the dervish, and in 1481 a mekteb was erected on this site, which became a school for training civil servants, and then, during the time of Sultan Abdulaziz, it turned into Mekteb-i Sultani, and Daru-sh-shifa (a hospital at an educational institution).

It is said that when the construction of the Bayezid Mosque in Istanbul was completed, he said: "Let the one who never missed the four rak'ahs of the Sunnah of the afternoon and night prayers in his life be the imam during the Friday prayer." Among the numerous scientists and religious figures who gathered for prayer, only the sultan himself turned out to be such - he became the imam.

It is said that when the construction of the Bayezid Mosque in Istanbul was completed, he said: "Let the one who never missed the four rak'ahs of the Sunnah of the afternoon and night prayers in his life be the imam during the Friday prayer." Photo wikipedia.org (Bayazid Mosque in the photo of 1903)

During his reign, Bayezid II did not forget about fellow believers and Jews in trouble in other lands. When Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile expelled Muslims and Jews from Andalusia, Bayezid II sent an Ottoman fleet led by Kemal Reis to the Spanish coast, who organized the evacuation. Muslims were evacuated to the countries of North Africa, and more than 150 thousand Jews were settled in different places of the Ottoman Empire.

Just like his father Mehmed II, Bayazid II possessed many talents, spoke Arabic, Persian and Chagatai languages, composed poems, which he signed with the pseudonym Adli, was a calligrapher and composer. To this day, notes of eight of his works written for saz have been preserved. It is known that he patronized scientists, religious figures, poets and musicians.

Refused Columbus and da Vinci

As you know, history does not tolerate subjunctive mood, but Bayazid II, according to the author of these lines, made two historical mistakes. First - he rejected the proposal of Christopher Columbus to equip an expedition to India. We all remember very well how this adventure of Columbus ended, and the world today could look completely different if Bayezid had granted Columbus' request for ships. The second - rejected the project of building a bridge across the Halich (Golden Horn), proposed by Leonardo da Vinci. The da Vinci project was nevertheless carried out, only not in the Ottoman Empire, but in modern Norway.

The eighth sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid II, who ascended the throne with the support of the Janissary corps, ironically renounced the throne in favor of his son Selim under pressure from the same Janissary corps. 43 days after that, at the age of 62, he died on the way to his hometown of Didimotica. The body was taken to Istanbul and buried in a mausoleum next to the Bayezid Mosque. His death was a shock to the entire Islamic world. Even the Mamluk sultan Al-Ashraf Kansukh al-Gauri, who was at enmity with Bayezid II, ordered to read the genaze prayer for the Ottoman sultan in the main mosque of Cairo.

Bulat Nogmanov

Spouse: 1. Nigar Khatun
2. Shirin Khatun
3. Gulruh Khatun
4. Bulbul Khatun
5. Husnushah Hatun
6. Gulbahar Khatun
7. Ferahshad Khatun
8. Aisha Khatun Children: Sons: Shehzade Ahmet (1465-1513),
Shekhzade Korkut (1469-1512),
Shehzade Selim,
Shehzade Mahmut (?-1505),
Shehzade Mehmet,
Shehzade Alemshah,
Shehzade Abdullah
Shehzade Shehenshah
Daughters: Gevher Muluk Sultan,

Selcuk Sultan,
Hatice Sultan,
Ayse Sultan,
Hundi Sultan,
Ain-i Shah Sultan,
Fatma Sultan,
Huma Sultan,
Chamber Sultan,
Ilaldi Khatun,
Shehzade Shah Khatun,
Sultanzade Khatun

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Jewish and Muslim immigration

Continuity

In popular culture

Bayezid II's childhood is depicted in the Turkish film Conquest 1453 (2012).
The struggle of Bayezid II with his son Selim is reflected in the video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations.
The fate of Cem, Bayezid's brother and rival, and his relationship with Pope Innocent VIII and Pope Alexander VI are reflected in the television series "Borgia".
Bayezid II appears as a character in the television series Da Vinci's Demons. According to the story, he seeks an audience with Pope Sixtus IV, believing that peace between Rome and Constantinople is possible, but was ridiculed and humiliated by Sixtus, which later allegedly became the reason for the Turkish invasion of Otranto.

Family

Wives

Shirin Khatun
Gulruh Khatun
Bulbul Khatun
Husnushah Hatun
Ferahshad Khatun

Children

Shehzade Ahmet (1465-1513) - son from Bulbul Khatun, governor of Sharikhan and Amasya in 1483-1513
Shekhzade Korkut (1469-1512) - son from Nigar Khatun, governor of Sharikhan and Anatolia in 1502-1509 and 1510-1511
Şehzade Selim - son by Gülbahar Khatun, future Sultan Selim I Yavuz
Shehzade Mahmut(?-1505) - son from Bulbul Khatun, governor of Sharikhan in 1502
Shehzade Mehmet - son of Ferahshad Khatun, governor of Kefe
Shehzade Alemshah- son from Gulruh Khatun, governor of Kastamonu and Sharikhan in 1504-1507
Shehzade Abdullah - son from Shirin Khatun, governor of Sharikhan and Karaman in 1481-1483
Shehzade Shehenshah- son from Husnushah Khatun, governor of Sharikhan and Karaman in 1483-1511
Gevher Muluk Sultan - daughter of Bulbul Hatun, wife of Mehmet Pasha Dukakis
Selçuk Sultan - wife of Kara Mustafa Pasha
Hatice Sultan - daughter of Bulbul Hatun, wife of Faik Pasha
Aishe Sultan - daughter from Nigar Hatun, wife of Guveya Sinan Pasha
Hundi Sultan - daughter from Bulbul Khatun, wife of Hersekli Ahmed Pasha
Ain-i Shah Sultan- daughter from Shirin Khatun
Fatma Sultan - daughter from Nigar Khatun, wife of Guzelche Hasan Bey
Hyuma Sultan - Antalyaly Bala Pasha's wife
Kamer Sultan - daughter from Gulruh Khatun, Mustafa Bey's wife
Ilaldi Khatun - Gayn Ahmed Pasha's wife
Shehzade Shah Khatun - daughter of Bulbul Khatun, wife of Nasuh Bey
Sultanzade Khatun - daughter from Hyusnyushah Khatun

Write a review on the article "Bayazid II"

Notes

Bayazet II // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
Egger Vernon O. A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. - Prentice Hall, 2008. - P. 82. - ISBN 0-13-226969-4.
The Jewish Encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day, Vol.2 Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler, Funk and Wagnalls, 1912 p.460
, p. 44.
, p. 46.
, p. 45.
, p. 49.
, p. 51.
, p. 50.
, p. 48.
, p. 52.

Literature

Sidney Nettleton Fisher.(PDF). Utrecht University.
M. Çağatay Uluçay. Padishahların kadınları ve kızları. - Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1985.
Bayazet II // Military encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky [i dr.]. - St. Petersburg. ; [M .] : Typ. t-va I. V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
Bayazet II // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

An excerpt characterizing Bayezid II

A servant entered, and bowing low to Caraffa, he began to taste the first courses. How I regretted at that moment that I did not have the famous Florentine herbal poison with me! .. It was painless and tasteless, and could not be determined ... This poison worked only after a week. Princes and kings were killed with it ... And he certainly would calm down the crazy Pope forever !!!
I would never have believed that I could contemplate murder so easily... My soul slowly petrified, leaving only room for justice inside. I lived to destroy it. And it didn't matter how. In this case, any means were good. The main thing was to kill Caraffa. So that innocent people no longer suffer, so that this bloodthirsty, evil person does not walk the earth.
And so I was now sitting next to him, accepting treats with a smile, and secularly talking on a variety of topics ... at the same time, intensely looking for at least some weakness that would give me the opportunity to finally get rid of his “holy” presence ...
Dinner was approaching the middle, and we were still secularly “discussing” some rare books, music and art, as if he didn’t have some very serious goal on his mind, because of which he invited me to his chambers at such an inopportune, late hour.
It seemed that Caraffa sincerely enjoyed the conversation, seemingly completely forgetting about his "especially important" conversation. And we must give him his due - he was undoubtedly the most interesting interlocutor ... if you forget about who he really was ... To drown out the growing anxiety in my soul, I joked as much as possible. Caraffa laughed merrily at my jokes, telling others in response. He was helpful and pleasant. But, despite all his secular gallantry, I felt that he, too, was tired of pretending ... And although Caraffa's endurance was truly impeccable, I understood from the feverish gleam of his black eyes that everything was finally coming to an end ... The air around us literally "cracked" from growing expectation. The conversation gradually petered out, turning into an exchange of simple secular remarks. And finally, Caraffa began ...
“I found your grandfather's books, Madonna. But there was no knowledge that interested me. Should I ask you the same question again, Isidora? You know what interests me, don't you?
This is exactly what I expected...
“I cannot give you immortality, Your Holiness, nor can I teach it to you. I do not have this right ... I am not free in my desires ...
Of course, that was a pure lie. But how could I have acted differently?! .. Karaffa knew all this very well. And, of course, he was going to break me again ... More than anything, he needed the ancient secret that my mother left me when she was dying. And he had no intention of backing down. Once again it was someone's turn to pay cruelly for my silence...
“Think, Isidora! I don't want to hurt you! - switching to "you", whispered Caraffa in an insinuating voice. Why don't you want to help me?! I'm not asking you to betray your mother, or Meteora, I'm asking you to teach only what you yourself know about it! We could rule the world together! I would make you the queen of queens!.. Think, Isidora...
I knew that something very bad was going to happen right now, but I simply didn’t have the strength to lie anymore ...
- I will not help you simply because, by living longer than you are destined, you will exterminate the better half of humanity ... Precisely those who are the smartest and most gifted. You bring too much evil, Holiness... And you have no right to live long. Forgive me...” and, after a pause, she added very quietly. – Why, and our life is not always measured only by the number of years lived, Your Holiness, and you know this very well...
- Well, Madonna, everything is up to you ... When you finish, you will be taken to your chambers.
And to my greatest surprise, without saying another word, he, as if nothing had happened, calmly got up and left, leaving his unfinished, truly royal, dinner .... Again - the endurance of this man was amazing, forcing him to involuntarily respect him, at the same time, hating for everything he had done ...
The day passed in complete silence, the night approached. My nerves were inflated to the limit - I was waiting for trouble. Feeling her approach with all my being, I tried my last strength to remain calm, but my hands were trembling from wild overexcitement, and a chilling panic seized my whole being. What was being cooked there, behind the heavy iron door? What new atrocity did Caraffa invent this time? .. Unfortunately, I didn’t have to wait long - they came for me exactly at midnight. A small, wizened, elderly priest took me to the already familiar, creepy basement...
And there ... hanging high on iron chains, with a spiked ring around his neck, my beloved father hung ... Caraffa sat in his unchanged, huge wooden chair and gloomily looked at what was happening. Turning to me, he looked at me with a blank, absent look, and quite calmly said:
- Well, choose, Isidora - either you will give me what I ask of you, or your father will go to the fire in the morning ... There is no point in tormenting him. Therefore, decide. Everything depends on you.
The ground slipped from under my feet!... I had to exert all my remaining strength not to fall right in front of Caraffa. Everything turned out to be extremely simple - he decided that my father would no longer live ... And this was not subject to appeal ... There was no one to intercede, no one to ask for protection. There was no one to help us... The word of this man was a law that no one dared to oppose. Well, those who could, they just didn't want to...
Never in my life have I felt so helpless and worthless! .. I could not save my father. Otherwise, I would have betrayed what we lived for ... And he would never have forgiven me for this. The most terrible thing remained - just to watch, without doing anything, how the "holy" monster, called the Pope, cold-bloodedly sends my kind father right to the fire...
Father was silent... Looking straight into his kind, warm eyes, I asked his forgiveness... For not being able to fulfill the promise... For the fact that he suffered... For not being able to save him... And for the fact that I myself was still alive...
“I will destroy him, father!” I promise you! Otherwise, we will all die in vain. I will destroy him, no matter the cost. I believe in it. Even if no one else believes in it... – I mentally swore to him with my life that I would destroy the monster.
Father was unspeakably sad, but still steadfast and proud, and only deep, unexpressed longing nested in his affectionate gray eyes ... Tied with heavy chains, he was not even able to hug me goodbye. But there was no point in asking Caraffa about this - he probably would not have allowed it. Feelings of kinship and love were unfamiliar to him ... Not even the purest philanthropy. He simply did not recognize them.
- Go away, daughter! Go away, dear... You will not kill this non-human. You will only die in vain. Go away, my heart... I will wait for you there, in another life. The North will take care of you. Go away baby girl!
- I love you so much, father! .. I love you so much! ..
Tears choked me, but my heart was silent. I had to hold on - and I held on. It seemed that the whole world turned into a millstone of pain. But for some reason it didn't touch me, as if I was already dead...
"I'm sorry father, but I'll stay." I will try as long as I live. And I won't even leave him dead until I take him with me... Forgive me.
Caraffa got up. He could not hear our conversation, but he perfectly understood that something was happening between me and my father. This connection was not subject to his control, and the Pope was enraged that he involuntarily remained aloof ...
- At dawn, your father will ascend the fire, Isidora. It is you who are killing him. So - decide!
My heart pounded and stopped... The world was falling apart... and I couldn't do anything about it, or change anything. But I had to answer - and I answered ...
“I have nothing to tell you, Holiness, except that you are the worst criminal that has ever lived on this Earth.
The Pope looked at me for a minute, not hiding his surprise, and then nodded to the old priest who was waiting there and left without another word. As soon as he disappeared behind the door, I rushed to the old man, and convulsively grabbing his dry, old hands, I prayed:
- Please, I beg you, holy father, let me hug him goodbye! .. I will never be able to do this again ... You heard what Papa said - tomorrow at dawn my father will die ... Have pity, I beg you! .. No one will ever know about this, I swear to you! I beg you, help me! The Lord will not forget you!
The old priest carefully looked into my eyes and, without saying anything, pulled the lever ... The chains screeched down, just enough so that we could say the last goodbye ...
I came close and, burying my face in my father’s wide chest, gave vent to the bitter tears that finally gushed out ... Even now, covered in blood, bound hand and foot with rusty iron, my father radiated wonderful warmth and peace, and next to him I still felt just as comfortable and protected! .. He was my happy lost world, which at dawn should have left me forever ... bringing bright, dear images of our “past” life, which every minute slipped further and further away, and I could neither save nor stop it ...
- Be strong, my dear. You must be strong. You must protect Anna from him. And I have to protect myself. I'm leaving for you. Perhaps this will give you some time... to destroy Caraffa. Father whispered softly.
I clutched at him with my hands, not wanting to let go. And again, as once a very long time ago, I felt like a little girl who was looking for solace on his broad chest ...
- Forgive me, madonna, but I must take you to your chambers, otherwise I may be executed for disobedience. Forgive me…” the old priest said in a hoarse voice.

Due to his ascetic inclinations and mystical views, Bayazet received the nickname "Veli" ("Saint").

The beginning of his reign was overshadowed by an internecine war with his brother. The latter was defeated in 1481 on the plain near Yenishegra and fled to Europe. After that, nothing prevented Bayazet from establishing himself in power. According to contemporaries, the new sultan was very knowledgeable in astrology, theology and Islamic law. As a religious person, he built many mosques, almshouses, schools and gave preference to the simplest clothes. IN last years During his life he strictly abstained from wine and even tried to forbid its use by closing all the taverns. (However, the indignant Janissaries forcefully opened them again.)

Bayazet was distinguished by personal courage, dexterity in military exercises (according to Gritti, no one knew how to shoot a bow better than him), but he did not accomplish any great military feats. Compared to his predecessors and descendants, he was a fairly peaceful sultan. There were no big conquests under him. Only in 1483 the Turks conquered Herzegovina.

Then Bayazet was forced to wage war with Venice, which was trying to return the lands in Dalmatia, as well as the Aegean possessions. I note that the Venetians were not the defenders of the Greeks, but the enslavers. The Greek population paid exorbitant taxes, and the Orthodox Church was subjected to severe persecution. As a result of a four-year war (1499-1503), Padishchi defeated the Venetian land and naval forces and captured the entire Morea (Southern Greece). Bayazet's conquest of the last Venetian possessions in Dalmatia provided a strong position for his successors to advance into Hungary.

In the east, Bayazet established Ottoman control over the entire Black Sea, capturing its eastern coast in 1501. He inherited border conflicts with the Mamluk empire in Syria and Egypt, as well as with the Safavid dynasty that came to power in Iran. However, Bayazet never brought clashes on the eastern borders to open wars, which allowed him to strengthen the empire created by his predecessors. This enabled Bayazet's younger son and successor to focus his efforts on the conquest of Arab lands, and the strategic positions he won in the Balkans served as the basis for subsequent conquests in Europe carried out by Selim's successor.

But the Ottoman state was shaken by internal turmoil. Bayazet's son was constantly hatching plans to seize power. In 1511, things came to a direct military clash, in which Selim failed. Sick Bayazet wanted to transfer the throne to another son, Ahmed, but the Janissaries opposed this, raising a riot in the capital. In 1512, having been hiding in the Crimea for some time, he approached Istanbul with a small army, where he was supported by the Janissaries. April 25, 1512 Bayazet II was forced to abdicate.

The former sultan could not but know that his days were numbered. And so, trying to prolong these days, and maybe even buy his own life, Bayazet went to the last humiliation. The deposed monarch, supported by the arms, went out onto the palace balcony and, with a satisfied face, proclaimed from there to the crowd of soldiers rustling below:

- I cede the kingdom to my son Selim! God bless his reign!

But Bayazet did not buy life or freedom with this. Even deposed, he remained a rival. That is why Bayazet had to die. On May 26, 1512, in the village of Chekmes, near the ancestral village of Didymotika, not far from Adrianople, Bayazet II was poisoned. He was buried in Istanbul in the Bayazet mosque.

Bayazet was a friend of the dervishes and had a great fondness for splendor and luxury. He built and decorated many mosques in Constantinople and Adrianople.

BAYAZID II

(1449-1512), son and successor of Mehmed II, the eighth sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who ruled from 1481 to 1512.

Due to his ascetic inclinations and mystical views, Bayezid received the nickname "Veli" ("Saint"). He faced claims to the throne from his brother Jem, whose army he still managed to defeat (1482). Cem fled to Europe, where he tried to enlist support in the fight against Istanbul. Jem died in 1495. Then Bayazid was forced to wage war with Venice, which was trying to return the lands in Dalmatia, as well as the Aegean possessions. As a result of a four-year war (1499-1503), he defeated the Venetian land and naval forces and captured the entire Morea (Southern Greece). Bayezid's conquest of the last Venetian possessions in Dalmatia provided a strong position for his successors to advance into Hungary.

In the east, Bayezid established Ottoman control over the entire Black Sea, capturing its eastern coast in 1501. He inherited border conflicts with the Mamluk empire in Syria and Egypt, as well as with the Safavid dynasty that came to power in Iran. However, Bayezid never brought the clashes on the eastern borders to open wars, which allowed him to strengthen the empire created by his predecessors. This enabled Bayezid's youngest son and successor, Selim I, to concentrate his efforts on the conquest of Arab lands, and the strategic positions he won in the Balkans served as the basis for subsequent conquests in Europe, carried out by Selim's successor, Suleiman I the Magnificent.

Collier. Collier's Dictionary. 2012