Transition to winter and summer time. Time zones of Russia Summer season and are intended

July 14 (on July 1, in the old style) of 1917 in Russia for the first time a transition from the "winter" on the "summer" time was carried out.

Expression Transition to "Summer" Time (Summer Time or Daylight Saving Time) means a shift for an hour ahead of time taken in this time zone. It is introduced for the summer period in order to save electricity by the governments of a number of countries about north of 30 ° north latitude and south of 30 ° of southern latitude.

Translation of the clock arrows on the "summer" time is appropriate not everywhere. In tropical latitudes (less than 23.5 °), the duration of the daylight changes little throughout the year. In polar latitudes (more than 66.33 °) there is a polar day and a polar night. The effect of the translation of the clock arrows on the "summer" and "winter" time can occur in the clock range from 30 to 55 °.

Terms of action "Summer" time in different countries Decrease from the north to the south, amounting to 20-30 weeks in April-May, summer months and in September-October (in the northern hemisphere) and about 20 weeks in November-March (in the southern hemisphere). With a significant decrease in the duration of the daylight, time is translated a hour ago. The mode of life for the usual balance time in everyday life is called "Winter" time.

For the first time, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe translation of the clock appeared in the XVIII century from the American public figure of Benjamin Franklin (Benjamin Franklin) in order to save candles for lighting, but was blocked by candle manufacturers.

In 1895, the New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (George Vernon Hudson) introduced an article in Wellington Philosophical Society in which he proposed a two-hour shift to preserve daylight lights.

The idea of \u200b\u200bintroducing the "summer" time has found support in most economically developed countries at the beginning of the 20th century, during the mass electricity of industry and life. More rational use of the light day should have reduced electricity costs on the lighting of the premises.

In the UK, in 1909, a bill was drawn up on the introduction of a "summer" time, which was repeatedly considered in parliament, but before the First World War was not accepted.

Many states immediately after the end of the war refused the "summer" time, others were repeatedly introduced this time, they refused it, and some countries retained such a displacement of time throughout the year.

The translation into the "summer" time was administered when crisis situations occur, for example, during World War II (USA, Great Britain), during the oil crisis of 1973-1974 (USA, Germany and other countries).

In Russia, for the first time this transition was carried out on July 1 (July 14 for a new style) of 1917, when, in accordance with the decree of the temporary government, the arrows of all hours in the country were translated one hour ahead.

Back they were translated on December 27, 1917 (January 9, 1918 for a new style) already according to the decree of the Sovnarkom dated December 22, 1917 (January 4, 1918 on a new style).

The practice of transition from the "summer" on the "winter" time lasted until 1924.

By the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 16, 1930, a maternity time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. Then the clock arrows were transferred for an hour ahead relative to the last time and after that they were not translated back, and the country began to live and work all year round, for one hour ahead of the natural daily cycle. Translation of the clock shooter on the "summer" time was resumed from April 1, 1981, but already relative to the maternityt time. Thus, in the country "Summer" ahead of the extending time for two hours.

In the USSR, and since 1991, in Russia, the introduction of the "summer" time was carried out on the night of the last Saturday for the last Sunday of March, and the "winter" - on the night of the last Saturday for the last Sunday of September.

In 1996, the period of action of the "summer" time in Russia was, "to observe a single temporary regime with other countries. The transition to the" winter "time began to be carried out on the last Sunday of October, as in all of Europe.

At the same time, the majority of the Russian population opposed summer time.

July 21, 2014 Russian President Vladimir Putin about the transition of Russia from October 26, 2014 on the "winter" time. In most subjects of the Russian Federation, the clocks were translated at an hour ago, and in the future the seasonal translation of the arrows did not exercise. Five regions of Russia (Udmurtia, Samara region, Kemerovo region, Kamchatka Territory and Chukotka autonomous District) did not move to the "winter" time.

After that, from a number of regions began to flow complaints sunlight in the evenings. In 2016, the Russian authorities approved the laws that allowed the arrows of the clock forward: in the Altai Republic, the Altai and Trans-Baikal Territory, Sakhalin, Astrakhan, Magadan, Tomsk, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk and.

Currently, the uniform opinion of experts, the international community about a significant savings of energy resources during the transition for summer time is not.

In 2017, the transition to the "summer" / "winter" time was carried out more than 70 countries and territories. Of the former Soviet republics "Summer", only Moldova, Ukraine and the three Baltic republics - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia were introduced.

Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources

Go to winter time carried out on the last Sunday of October
(in 2019 - 27th October - at 04:00 in Kiev).

A person seeks to get up with a dawn to make the maximum use of a light day. From here, originates the idea of \u200b\u200bsummer and winter time, which is now living in many countries of the world. Combining the time of wakefulness with light clock of the day allows saving electricity consumption: in the spring of the clock arrows going on the belt time, they are sent forward, and in the fall they put again at the best time.

Split the whole land on hourly belt 15 degrees in each, and for the zero line to take Greenwich Meridian - the middle of the zero belt - suggested the Canadian communication engineer S. Fleming. Inside the belt time is accepted everywhere the same, and on the border they translate arrows for an hour ahead or back. In 1883, the idea of \u200b\u200bFleming was adopted by the US government. And in 1884, the International Conference in Washington 26 countries signed an agreement on time zones and a waist time. Representatives of Russia were at the conference. I didn't like a new bill for the same reason, for which Russia stubbornly kept behind the vest and PUD: any change was presented to the "shock of the foundations" and the impetus for "folk fermentation".

After the October Revolution, February 8, 1918, the belt division was introduced by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "in order to establish a time with the entire civilized world of an account of the time during the day, due to the whole globe, the same hours of hours in minutes and seconds and significantly Simplifying registration of the relationship between peoples, public events and most nature phenomena in time. "

Decree of the government of June 16, 1930. Arrows of all hours on site Soviet Union They were moved apart ahead. Formed decretal time, the introduction of which allowed to save electricity. The period of action of the maternityt time was established "in the future before the cancellation" (existed until 1981).

Resolution of the Council of Ministers On April 1, 1981, the clock arrows transferred another hour ahead. Thus, the summer time was already two hours ahead of the waist. For ten years, for the winter period, the clock arrows were allocated an hour ago compared to summer time, and in the summer they returned to place again.

In March 1991, decree was canceled. Ahead of two hours ahead was abolished. We switched to the summer reference system - winter time. Now the winter is used in the winter, and in summer the clock is transferred for 1 hour ahead. Such is briefly the history of time reference.

We count the time on average sunny day, divided by hours, minutes and seconds. Those. On the average arithmetic durations of all true sunny day per year (the difference between the duration of the true and mid-day reaches 15 minutes due to the non-circular orbit of our planet).

Fig. one. Changing the light and dark time of day during the year

In fig. 1 shows the change in the light and dark time of day during the year for a latitude of 50 ° (Kiev latitude). The boundary between the bright and dark time is considered to be the beginning or the end of the so-called civil twilight, that is, the time when the sun dropped by the horizon by 6 °. In the evenings, at this point, lighting should be included on the streets of the city. The graph indicates solar true time (True solar time begins and ends at noon, i.e. when the luminaire passes through the meridian and is as high as possible).

The average person gets up at 7 am and falls at 23 o'clock local time. On the schedule, the time of wakefulness of such a person is marked by two horizontal dotted lines. Beginning from marthaHe gets up after dawn. Transfering a clock forward, it is forced to get up earlier (solid horizontal lines). It is justified by the fact that it will get in the bright time of the day, and spend less electricity to lighting.

Return for winter time in october Electricity economy does not lead. As it turned out, this is done solely so that in winter people do not get a lot before the sunrise. Therefore, the transition to winter time is not justified.

From point of view common sense It is rational to return to the maternityt time, refuse the annual translation of the clock and live with a constant counting, which will differ one hour ahead in comparison with the waist time. Such a rhythm of life, from a biological point of view, most favorable for a person.

Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics from October 26, 2014 were transferred to a new standard for calculating time and transferred the arrows in accordance with the third time zone of the international system.
10/24/2014 DNR Supreme Council adopted a resolution "On the transition to the Donetsk time", now in Donetsk will be one time with Moscow and an hour of difference with Kiev. The corresponding ruling is accepted in the LDP Guide.

For almost the entire time of existence Russian FederationNamely - from October 23, 1991, the Resolution of the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR from "On streamlining time calculus on the territory of the RSFSR" was operating in our country. This regulatory act established the annual introduction of summer time, the order and date of the transition to it were to be determined in accordance with the requirements of the European Economic UN.

Cancel the annual translation of the shooter

In 2011, the then President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed, who canceled the practice of translation of the arrows on the clock. However, this regulatory act was signed in June, that is, after March 27, 2011, the inhabitants of the country transferred their clocks for the summer.

Thus, Federal Law No. 107-FZ dated June 3, 2011 "On the calculation of time" actually consolidated in Russia a permanent summer time. As a main factor, which served as the abnormal of the two-time annual translation of the arrows of the clock, was called the negative impact of a change in the human body, expressed in increasing the incidence and population of the country.

Discussion about temporary mode in Russia

At the same time, the decision taken a few years ago cannot be called unequivocally popular: he had quite a lot of opponents. The main argument that is commonly advanced to challenge the legitimacy of a summer time fixation in the country is the continuing effect of the so-called decret time.

The fact is that in 1930, the Special Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of SSR in the territory of all republics was introduced by a temporary regime, one hour later thanks. And although in 1991 the action of this decret was canceled, about a year later, this time regime was restored already in Russia.

The introduction of summer time actually represents an increase of another hour to maternity leave: Thus, residents of the Russian Federation are in two hours ahead of the abundant time. In this regard, last years Periodically arise proposals for return to winter time.

At the moment, the draft law enshrining the country's transition to permanent winter time is adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the third reading. In case of its entry into force, the actual time in Russia will be close to the belt.

March 27, 2011 in Russia was the last transition for summer time. More seasonal shifts of officially accepted time will not be, the Russians will live with a permanent shift of +2 hours in relation to the belt time. The shift at 2 o'clock is caused by the fact that the so-called "maternity time" operates on the territory of Russia, differing from the belt for +1 hours. Summer time adds another +1 hour to maternity leave, which in the amount is +2 hours in relation to the belt time.

	Winter Always carried out on the last Sunday of October (on the night from Saturday to Sunday). In 2010, the last transition at the winter was October 31. On this day, at three o'clock in the morning, the arrows were translated apart at two o'clock in the morning. Dark and light start an hour earlier.
	Daylight Always carried out on the last Sunday of Martha (on the night of Saturday on Sunday). In 2011, the last transition for the summer was March 27. On this day, at two o'clock in the morning, the arrows were transferred for an hour ahead, for three o'clock in the morning. Dark and light start an hour later.

what is winter and summertime

Summer time is the time shifted for an hour ahead of the usual time taken in this time zone. By analogy with summer time, the usual rear time is also called winter time.

for what is introduced winter and summer time

Summertime is introduced in many countries in the summer in order to save electricity to lighting. However, it is believed that the effectiveness of such a measure is insignificant, while the harm caused by the health of people caused by the forced displacement of natural biological cycles is great.

when winter and summer time was first introduced

For the first time, summer was introduced in the UK in 1908. In Russia, the transition for the summer was first implemented in July 1917 and acted until 1930, when the clock arrows were translated for one hour more about the belt time. This time was called "maternity", as it was introduced by the decree of the Council of Sovnarkom on June 16, 1930. Since 1981, in the USSR, the summer time was regularly introduced regularly.

in which countries are used winter and summertime

Currently, in the northern hemisphere, summer time is used in the USA, Canada, European countries, throughout Russia. In the southern hemisphere, summer time is used in Australia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Brazil, Chile. The anti-authoral countries do not use summer time.

when there is a transition to winter and summer time

In Russia and in Europe, the transition for summer time is carried out on the night for the last Sunday of March at 2:00 by the translation of watch arrows for 1 hour ahead, and the return transition is carried out on the night for the last Sunday of October at 3:00 the translation of the arrows 1 hour ago.

In the USA and Canada since 2007, the transition for summer time is carried out on the second Sunday of March at 2:00, and returns back to the last Sunday of October, also at 2:00.

winter and summer time offset relative to the belt

Due to the use of summer time on the territory of Russia, the Russians live with a shift of +2 hours in relation to the belt time. The shift at 2 o'clock is caused by the fact that the so-called "maternity time" operates on the territory of Russia, differing from the belt for +1 hours. Summer time adds another +1 hour to maternity leave, which in the amount is +2 hours in relation to the belt time.