The role of the guard in the palace coups briefly. About the role of the guard in history. Independent political force

So, another cycle was completed.

Do not think that during the palace coups of the 20s-40s. Only a unprincipled struggle for power and only the coup of 1741 was partially distinguished from this series, because it was held under clearly pronounced patriotic slogans of return to the policy of Peter the Great and the struggle against a foreign domination.

The activities of the Supreme Secret Council cannot be interpreted one-sided. However, we will not argue that all his activities were positive and exclusively beneficial. In contradictory issues of the activities of this body, we stopped in detail in the chapter of the third.

The question of the Conditions of 1730 is a discussion. Some scientists believe that the adoption of the Conditions would lead to the celebration of a self-sized oligarchy and would cause Russia a great harm. Others believe that restriction of autocracy, even if the oligarchic could contribute to the statement of legal principles in Russian society and the state. Which once again indirectly confirms the thought of us above.

Nevertheless, the last of the coups ended with the secondaryness of Catherine whose eyelid by many historians was called gold.

§3. Power and Guard in Russia XVIII

In the history of Russia of the XVIII century there is a phenomenon that does not have analogues in the life of the European countries of the same period. The phenomenon is the political role of the Russian guard. It is impossible to fully understand the period of our story from Peter 1 to Nicholas II, without examining the political history of the guard. This work has not yet been done. Not studied with sufficient accuracy social composition of the guard, the nature and dynamics of its change. And this unexploding gives rise to historical myths.
It is about political history, because after the Poltava victory and the Prut defeat for many decades of the 18th century, the Guard did not accept any active participation in hostilities. The activity of the Guards regiments was politics.

The word of the guard has become decisive in all the turning points of Russian history from 1725 to 1825. Although its internal political role was determined in the previous two decades. The genre and the task of this abstract exclude the possibility of an in-depth study of this problem, but even a quick review of the Guard's participation in the political life of the country, its role in creating a new state is necessary. It is also necessary to try to understand the motives of the Guard actions at different stages of Russian history.

"The whole node of Russian life is sitting here," said Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy about the period of Petrovsky reforms. One of the main threads formed by this node was blown, and if you like, torn to the packs sent in the fifth hour of the afternoon on December 14, 1825 from the angle of Admiralty Boulevard and the Senate Square towards the monument of the Creator of the Guard. And the targets that were standing near the monument, rebellious guards battalions, rebidden, essentially, against the result of the titanic admisse of Peter - based on the universal slavery of the military empire. But this was preceded for the Guard filled with events century ... Guard - first and, maybe the most advanced creation of Peter. These two regiments are six thousand bayonets - in combat lessons and military spirit could be filled with the best regiments of Europe.

Guard for Peter was a support in the struggle for power and in keeping power. Guard for Peter was the "blacksmiths of frames." Guards officers and sergeants performed any orders of the king - from the organization of the mining industry to control over the actions of the highest general. Guard always knew his debt - was raised. She seemed to Peter the ideal model, focusing on which he dreamed of creating his "regular" state is a clear, obedient, strong in militarily, a cooler and conscientiously working. Guard guarded her creator. And no wonder. The case was not only in the honors and privileges. Peter gave Semenovtsians and transobrants to the powerful self-take part in the construction of the sacred church of the new state. Guardsman was not only, but also aware of himself as a state man. And this is completely new for an ordinary Russian person self-treatment gave extraordinary power to Petrovsky guardsman.

Sagittarius Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was also a patriot. But he stood for the tradition, for the inviolability or slow evolution of the state life, merging to him with the life of home, his ideal was to preserve his life, its reference values. Petrovsky Guardian understood himself the creator of the new and unprecedented. Unlike Sagittarius, he is much less connected with life, it is ascetic. He is devoted to the future. He lived with a feeling of permanent gust, movement, improvement. It was a man of reform as a life principle. Obviously, this feeling is comparable - with all the necessary reservations - with the feeling of ordinary Bolsheviks who have conscious of themselves builders of a new, unprecedented world. It is this worldworking and self-sustaining, and not shaved chin and the European uniform, fundamentally distinguished by the Petrovsky guardsman from the Soldier of Dopurerovsky. But in the same mighty self-adequation takes the beginning and tragic generation, the incomprehensibility of personal capabilities and conditions for their implementation, which radically influenced the political behavior of the guard from 1725 to 1825. Peter tried to grow active, initiative people with a sense of personal responsibility in conditions of severe autocratic despotism, none of the prerogatives he did not want to come. Prince D. M. Golitsyn and his supporters, as well as constitutionalists from the gentlemen, who put forward in 1730 radical projects of restrictions on the autocracy and the introduction of representative board, thereby having to get into Petrov's fundamental principles, they tried to continue the movement - active reform of the country. It was these people who turned out to be carriers of Petrovskoy dynamics when the endful goals are lost. It was they who personified the trend excited by Peter to internal and external liberation, the initiative and a sense of personal responsibility to the country. Their opponents headed by Osterman and Prokopovich became the embodiment of the second trend coming from the same Peter, - slave subordination, orientation is not on the country, but on the state, the limiting concentration of power at the minimum - point-space. He wanted to grow slaves with business qualities of free people. Peter woke up the desire for independent, responsible action in the Russian man, in Russian nobleman, first of all, and placed it at the rigid structure of the military-bureaucratic despot. And if during the lifetime of Peter, the system had another internal dynamics and flexibility, which reported to her the superhuman will and the energy of the king, then after his death, she had acquired a purposeful tendency to inflate, to antireformation being, to the fact that we would continue to call false stability.

Selection and sampling began during Peter's life. And, no matter how paradoxically, it can sound, the carriers of the reformist dynamics in the postpeople's era were not classic "chicks of the nest of Petrova" - Menshikov, Osterman, Feofan Prokopovich, who swear by Peter's name and announced himself to the custodians of his covenants, and hidden and obvious opposition, such as Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn. When in the mid-1710s - after Poltava Triumph, after the conquest of Finland, who made the position of St. Petersburg by unshakable, - Peter turned to the internal affairs and tried to establish a state mechanism and cope with galloping corruption, it turned out that the only lever for which the king can lean All severity, not risking it to break it, is the Guard. The fact that the Guards Shelves - six thousand bodyguards - there is a guarantee of deduction by Peter power, it was clear from the first years of reign. According to Verkholts, Peter often said that there is no one between the Guards, which he would have resolved either decided to entrust his life. The use of guards of different ranks for the most unexpected instructions has been practiced for a long time. In 1706, Field Marshal Sheremetev, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, aimed at suppressing the Astrakhan uprising, was pressed as a personal representative of the state guards Sergeant Mikhail Chipotyev, who received great powers by the decree of Peter. "What he will convey to you, please reflect," said the king of Feldmarshal. And not commander-in-chief, and the Guard Sergeant enjoyed the complete confidence of the king. The Guard Sergeant was awarded the right "to watch, so that everything will be corrected by decree, and you will not be able to do or become for your whim, it will not be slow, to speak; but you will not listen to, to say that you will write about me."

Think on: the sergeant can not only control the actions of Feldmarshal, but also to make comments to him actually order. Chips - a typical figure. No wonder Lion Tolstoy chose him by one of the main characters of the novel about Peter. Chipotyev - in the center of two large sketches, this started and abandoned fat historical epic.
Shping - good noble surname. And although we do not know from what - the guards sergeant from the branch - the branch - the branch took place, but he was visible that he made a life rate for a military and state career. Tolstoy simulated his fate on Menshikovsky Lad - bold, decisive, intelligent, devoted to the king young man from the lower layers (although nobles). Another such Guard Sergeant, Ukrainets, Peter later sent to command over the Ural state factories, despite his complete incompetence in a mining. This approach is well familiar to us in Bolshevik times. For Peter, despite all his pragmatism, ideological devotion often played a primary role. Brilliant self-taught, he was confident that loyalty and pressure compensate inexperience. So it was with chopping. As a warlord, he, of course, Sheremetev at the notes did not fit and did a lot of nonsense. But no complaints of the offended Field Marshal were taken into account in the Moscow headquarters created to lead the punitive operations in the absence of Peter. Chipping came from hands anything. Up to the fact that, to the amazement of Moscow, the Guard Sergeant instead of Field Marshal took the deputation of the rebels, without even putting the commander-in-chief.
It is extremely important for us to imagine the self-seeming of this Guards chick, who did not confuse and did not bother his small chin. And we, fortunately, there is such an opportunity, for, understanding himself with a personal emissary of the king, chips took over the true royal function and began to publish "Decrees": "By the name de Veliky State Superior, the decree was sent from Moscow by the Preobrazhensky regiment of the bombanery company Wonder Officer Mikhail Ivanovich Chipotyev from his tsarist-high Majesty X Kowaler Boris Petrovich Sheremetev yes x Prince Peter Ivanovich Khovansky, and with him Wonder in an officer sent to the soldiers of the soldiers, twelve and ordered, having connected with him, Kovaler ITTI at the bottom to Astrakhan. And further "Decree" prescribed the inhabitants of the town of Black Yar to accept and settle the shelves. If you read in the "Decree", it becomes clear that the Guard Sergeant considered himself equal to Field Marshal. He had to "connect with him, and not to do into his submission. And it would be possible to consider the Preobrachtern Mikhail Shpoteva Khlestakov XVIII century, if we did not know that, being a trustee of the sovereign, he possessed Sheremetyev in the case, in fact, More power than Feld Marshal himself. Sheremetev was afraid of chipotheva. Guards sergeants copied their masterin. Guard Sergeant felt like a master of the world. This infinite self-confidence and destroyed chipotheva: For the next year he died, storming with a handshass of soldiers Swedish warship, who took the first merchant Ship. This is a feeling of possession of the world, the skill at the decisive moment to adjust life under the knee, this unrestrained pressure and violence were given, of course, quick results. But it was impossible to build something durable and durable in this way. But if the use of the middle of the 1710s. Guardsmen in such roles were episodic, then from this turning point it became the system. The special status of the guards was made by all g ranked. When in the Governing Senate, the highest state body, who managed the country in the absence of the king, had conflicts, who in the role of judges? In 1717, Senator Prince Yakov Dolgoruky "Unlimited all senators in common, selflessly, its power, revealing all the fear and for some kind of malice, having gone in the dungeon one fiscal torturing brutally, and other senators for that torture, in addition to his nephew, Prince Mikhail Dolgoruky, no one went. " 8 Senators, considering this violation of a mandatory collegial principle, complained to the king. Who was appointed to judge the first state of state? Three Guards officers - Majora Dmitrievmamonov and Likharev and Lieutenant Bakhmetev. They had nothing to do with the Senate, but, as the Preobedler chips, these three were clothed with the authorities to disassemble the conflict of senators because they were guardsmen.

When Senator Shafirova was judged in 1723, along with such persons as Senators Bruce and Musin-Pushkin, two Guards Captain entered the court - Bredichin and Baskakov, two "states of an eye".

When during the applied reform, which began in the late 1710 years with a census, civilian officials and army officers did not cope with this gigantic task or sabotized it, then dozens of guards officers, sergeants and soldiers endowed with huge powers. Enough large officials from the local administration guardsmen kept "in the chains on chains and in the glands incessantly." Those who landed in the sending of the audit fairy tales to the capital, the Guards Emissarians "Chenin's cruel punishment of Bumpy and keen in prison many numbers." In terms of its functions, it was a new Okrichnina, inserting a de facto between the king and all the others. Chronologically, the design of this "Guards Officer" as a systematic and consistent phenomenon perfectly coincides with the period of the deadly conflict of Peter and Tsarevich Alexey, the moment of the open crisis in the relationship between Peter and Russia. Milyukov wrote: "We have a visual proof of that higher confidence that Peter, in general such an incredulous, showed her noble guard. At that time, when, as we saw, he began to doubt his nearest employees and comrades in order to investigate their dark Cases, punish them and generally give them to understand that he can do without them, Peter did not find anything better, how to turn to his Majora Guard. It was his last resource. Majoras, Colonels and Captains Guard were members of the courts and chairmen of investigative commissions , found a number of victims and unrest in the activities of the nearest Assistants of Peter. The story of Fokerodt is known, in the last year of life Peter, "Having lost all patience," himself entered all the details of the investigative affairs, planted near himself, in a special room of his palace, one of Such trusted people, Fiscal Makinin, and his question, whether to cut off a branches or chop root, replied: "Script term" noble guard " There are serious doubts, especially since Milyukov himself has previously written about the acquisition of "funny" from the court comrades of a young king, small nobles and "very simple origin of the guys." The guard included immigrants from all class (we still see this) and was a phenomenon of fundamentally extravasory. Yes, B. last years Life Peter, seeing unexpected results of its activities - the total depravity of the associates, whom he attributed to failures in domestic politics, was ready to "eradicate all" by the hands of Colonel Myakinin and others like him. He was ready to be all replaced by loyal and honest guards officers and sergeants. Guard Corruption If it also touched, then to a small degree: we are not known "Guards affairs" about bribes or theft. But Peter, of course, was aware that I would not manage the state with one guard. "Loss of patience", the grievous state of Peter in recent years, which Kuevsky wrote expressively, reminds us of the death drama of another great Demiurge - Lenin. But unlike the fierce reformer of the 20th century (which, perhaps, not conscious, went in the footsteps of the first emperor) Peter did not try to adjust the model on the go, he simply did not know the other path in his psychological device. Internal political crisis, he still tried to score by foreign policy - the twenty-year-old Northern War ended, the Persian began immediately. All new spaces were mined by the basic territory of the country. The acquisition of new spaces justified the extreme degree of sentenization of the state. The sense of state allowed to give the provision of the visibility of stability using the loyalty and cruel energy of the Guards Emissarians.
The use of military force to solve internal political and economic tasks - there is always a sign of not only the crisis of the situation and inorganic management structure, but also the confusion of power. When Cromwell entered the unresolved conflict with the parliamentary system of England and did not know how to get out of him, he was with all his outstanding mind And the political flair - did not find anything better, how to introduce the famous regime of Major General, giving the country into hand to him by him devotional combat comrades, their guardsmen. But in contrast to Peter, he quickly understood the viciousness of this principle and refused him. Russia also was given to the power of militarized management. One of the main failures of Peter was that he could not create a single management structure, permerating the state apparatus, army and the guard, the church, the estimated class. He approached this grand problem purely mechanism, not wanting to take into account the vital interests of various groups. The interests of the apparatus and the army coincided only partially. The apparatus by the end of the 1710 years was purely functional in relation to the army. It existed mainly in order to supply the army with everything necessary, the rabbie applied class. Naturally, the interests of the costs categorically did not coincide with the interests of the apparatus and the army. The state was sought to take as many people as much as possible, without giving anything in return. Less than all, it was fulfilled by the defender of a citizen - he was defenseless before the incumbent of an official or officer. By the end of the reign of Peter in the country, two parallel management structures were clearly marked - civil and military. The elite of the second structure was the Guard in his political and administrative IPostasi. The civilian apparatus compared to the guard was unworn, clumsy, slow, stoley, deprived of the consciousness of his mission, which was so strong in the guard. The guard rose high above the apparatus and mercilessly controlled it. The Guards Sergeant could, as we know, plant an official much higher than Himself "on the chain", beat him with baotogs. We know what a huge difference was given to Peter all types of state control over all types of subjects. Together with the formation of the Senate, the institute of fiscals - state controllers was created. The leaders of this host - Ober-Fiscal - did not justify the confidence of the king and fell on the fell. NOT quite trusted Peter and ordinary fiscal. When Nesterov was decided at the insistence of Obberfishal Nesterov. The investigation of the Siberian Governor of Prince Gagarin, this mission was not charged with fiscal, and Guard Major Likharev, the garde of Major Dmitrieva-Mamonova on a search field. And in 1721, Peter issued the following eloquent decree: "Further than the state fiscal soon cannot be chosen: that for the sake of it will definitely be defined according to one of the headquarters from the guard to be in the Senate, changing monthly."
This is a very important document. It is not only a confirmation of the unique role of guards in the organization of comprehensive state control and regulation, but also that, judging by this decree. The circle of guards officers who participated in this activity was extremely wide: they were replaced monthly! When Milyukov wrote that the Majora Guards was the "last resource" of Peter, he meant a completely definite phenomenon called "Majorian searching offices." The emergence of the "Major search office" is explained by the distrust of the king with all the units of the device. The first approximate markups of these stationery appeared already in 1713, when the Guard Major Ivan Ilich Dmitriev-Mamonov was sent to Vologda with order to investigate the "economic crimes" of local merchants and test information about the bribery of recruit sheets. But constituted by the Major Office were a special decree at the end of 1717, in the midst of the investigation in the case of Tsarevich, when the crisis in the relationship between power and the country reached apogee. Major's search offices did not enter the overall hardware structure, reminding (with significant reservations) on the principles of functioning the secret committees of Nicholas 1. It was the parallel system that closed, which is especially important, only on the king itself. Just as secret committees reported to the emperor created them. Both were an attempt to oppose something bureaucracy, already in Petrovsky times who realized their custom interest and developing ways to protect this interest.
On the example of the first and almost most significant of the Major Office - the Office of Ivan Dmitriev-Mamonova - it is possible to understand the principle of their education. Guard Major Dmitriev-Mamonov, Rurikovich and the King's deeperator (married by the Morganotic marriage on Pratska's niecers of Peter Tsarevna), began service in the rave transfiguration regiment. (This, by the way, once again confirms the huge social and estimated spread of the guard - from Rurikovich to yesterday's groom.) Different in the battles of the Northern War. He was an employee of Peter in the preparation of military charters. That is, at the head of the first "informal" search organization, Peter put a person personally close to himself, giving him huge rights: the search office of Major's Guard could arrest herself, to investigate, torture - "Wanted Freshly" - and even endure the sentence. At the same time, the king constantly controlled the activities of the Office, receiving detailed reports from them. The head of another office was the Guard Major Semyon Saltykov, a principled supporter of the autocratic authority, who played a large role in restoring autocracy in February 1730. The Chancellery Saltykov led, in particular, a consequence of the case of the embezzlement, to which such persons like Menshikov and Admiral APRAXIN general were touched. Another stationery was kept Guard Major Andrei Ushakov, subsequently the Terrible Head of the Secret Office at several reigns. The Office of the Guard of the Lieutenant Colonel Prince Vasily Dolgorukova was also included in the same system, specially investigating Menshikov's abuse. One of the "Mayorian office" was engaged in parallel with the main consequence - the study of the case of accomplices of Tsarevich Alexei. It can be said that in 1715-1718 the whole network of these guards investigative bodies, accountable only by Peter and headed by him by devotees personally.

Based on these guards investigative bodies, in the process of investigating the case of Tsarevich, Alexei rose the office of secret search cases - a terrible secret police with broader powers. Special functions that were entrusted were Peter on the guard, developed in it the consciousness of their own character, their ascension over everything else in the country. And this consciousness remains to live in the minds of the Guards of the whole century. By opposing the guard of bureaucracy, Peter created a completely new situation for Russia. The most active part of the nobility, primarily the focus of the guard, brought up in the rapid process of reforms, after the death of the emperor, could not comply with the government's bureaucracy, to merge with her. Klyuchevsky specifically drew attention to it.

§four. Guard in the era of palace coups

Speaking about the palace coups, which had a much deeper meaning than just a change of persons on the throne, wrote: "One feature of these coups has more important political importance. When there is no law, the political issue is usually solved by the dominant force. Such force in Russian palace coups The last century was a preferred part of the regular army created by Peter, two Guards Regiment - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, to which the two others were added to the reign of Anna - the infantry Izmailovsky and Connogvardeysky. Guard took an active part in all difficulties; arising from the question of the throne. No almost shift On the throne in the year, 38 years did not cost without the decisive intervention of the guard. " Unfortunately, Klyuchevsky did not develop this plot, but on two pages, he devoted to him, he had a number of essential considerations, as completely accurate, so from our point of view requiring correction. The first independent speech of the guard as political force occurred immediately after the death of the first emperor. Klyuchevsky summarizes the information of the sources: "On January 28, 1725, when the converter died, having lost his tongue, members of the Senate gathered to discuss the question of the successor. The government class was divided; old to know, at the head of which the princes Golitsyn, repinn, spoke for the young grandson of the converter - Peter II. New Rangered Deltsi, the nearest employees of the converter, members of the Commission, condemned to the death of the father of this heir, Tsarevich Alexey, with Prince Menshikov, headed by the Empress-widow. While the senators consisted in the palace on the issue of the Preconsession, in the corner of the meeting rooms Somehow the guard officers appeared, unknown by whom here are designed. They did not take direct participation in the debate of senators, but, like a chorus in an ancient drama, with a sharp frankness, they expressed their judgment about them, threatening the heads of old boyars, which will resist the focus of Catherine. Suddenly, under the windows of the palace there was a drum fight. It turned out that there were two guvard Yeisk regiment under a gun, designed by their commanders - Prince Menshikov and Buturlin. President of the Military College (Military Minister) Field Marshal Prince Repnin and Heart asked: "Who rescued without my knowledge to bring the shelves? Is I not Feldmarshal?" Buturlin objection that shelves called on the will of the Empress, which all subjects are obliged to obey, "not excluding you," he added. This appearance of the guard and decided the issue in favor of the Empress. When in May 1727, Catherine was dangerous hazardous, the ranks of higher government agencies were gathered to resolve the issue of successor. Supreme Secret Council, Senate, Synod, presidents of the colleges; Among the Majora Guards, as if the Guards officers constituted a special political corporation, without the assistance of which such an important question could not be resolved. "Klyuchevsky is not right, following the classical scheme and sharing the opposing groups on the basis of triviality or failing. The alignment of the forces was more difficult. This is obvious from the example lying on the surface. How exactly the historian writes quite rightly, Catherine 1 built the Guards shelves led by Menshikov and Bourning. But if Menshikov is a prolonged sample of the "new man", a rooted figure, then his ally Buturine is something. the opposite. The descendant of one of the oldest nobility gods, who served as a hemale-free Radhe, who served Alexander Nevsky (and thus a long-range relative of Pushkin), Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin, whose ancestors were boyars, near slaughters, rounded, kneading Golitsyn and Dolgoruky and keep the side of Peter II. But all Riera Buturlin - a certificate of relativity of a classic approach to the political struggle of Petrovsky and the postpeople period. The officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment from the moment of its foundation, Rooded Buturlin turned out to be one of the most reliable companions of Peter. He hesitated in 1725 before it became decisively towards Catherine, especially since he had serious personal accounts with Menshikov. But making a choice, it was he played a decisive role in the fate of the throne. The difference in the positions of the rooted brothers Apraksins are not less characteristic, one of which is Peter, Senator, a major statesman, arrested in his time in the case of Alexey, but then justified, accepted with the prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn Petra II, and General Admiral Fyodor Apraksin Connected with Menshikov and Buturlin. The composition of political and psychological groups, as applied from concrete facts, it is impossible to explain socially-current causes. And in the Petrovsk era, and later political unions were not less determined by an individual choice, the level of understanding of the historical situation, the degree of awareness of his debt to the country and the nature of the understanding of this debt. It was ultimately about choosing a general model of development of Russia. This choice was sometimes done clearly, sometimes vaguely, sometimes with a high fraction of compromise, but the essence of the position, the motion vector and determined the personality of a person to a particular grouping. Guard, as well as groupings in tops and in the middle of the hatching, gradually looked out for its vector, its understanding of the way to reform and develop the state. In a quoted already sketch of Klyuchevsky, there is a crucial note: "... as if the Guards officers constituted a special political corporation" ... Unknown by this problem, Klyuchevsky learned the essence of the phenomenon. Unlike other guards corporations - Roman Pretorians, Turkish Yanychar - the Russian Guard turned into a political corporation. Diving in several phrases is a quick overview of the "coup period", Klyuchevsky further formulates fundamental provisions. "This guards participation in state affairs was extremely important, having a powerful influence on its political mood. Initially obedient tool in the hands of his leaders, she then becomes an independent engine of events, interferent in politics in his own coincidence. Palace coups were for her preparatory political school. , the famous political tastes developed in it, created a mood, attracted a well-known political image of thought to it. Guards barracks - counterweights and sometimes open opponent of the Senate and the Supreme Secret Council. " This is a wise passage. However, there is something to object here. First, the Guard's definite political school has passed during Peter. She came to the era of palace coups with a "political corporation". Its claims to solve issues subject to competencies of the Governing Institutions - Senate and the Supreme Council, "the memories of the role that Peter took her in the last decade of its reign, the role of controlling and regulating force, accountable only to the king. Secondly, in 1725 and 1727, the Guard was a "obedient tool" in the hands of Menshikov and Buturlin. She was a "obedient tool" - an ideal tool - in the hands of her creator. And with his death immediately became an independent force. The guard went beyond Menshikov and Buturlin because their program at that moment was really organically close Guards, Catherine was represented by transobes and seeds of the guarantor of literally to the presenters of the first emperor. Guard chose not just a reigning person, she chose the principle, and the Guard chose not between Petrovskaya and Doparen Russia. Yes, Golitsyn and Dolgorukhi were not complete like-minded Peter. Moreover, they can be considered an opposition. No wonder both families were involved in the case of Tsarevich, Alexey. But neither the prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn, a major administrator and a wonderful political thinker, nor his younger brother Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn, a brilliant general, Hero of the Forest Poltava, the conquest of Finland, nor Prince Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgoruky, one of the favorite commander of the emperor, supporting young Peter II, and did not think about returning to Staromoshkovsky times. Their discrepancies with Peter 1 dealt with the most principled need for pro-European reforms, but the nature and pace of these reforms. As it turned out in five years, both Golitsyn and Vasily Dolgoruki were supporters of restriction of autocracy and opponents of the immensely increased sole uncontrolled power of the king. Menshikov, Buturlin, Tolstoy, the leaders of the Catherine group, confessed the autocratic principles of Peter and stood for this direction of reform. Their subsequent short cooperation with Golitsyn and Dolgoruky was a forced compromise.

A series of rulers to Catherine II.

The role of the guard in the palace coups

After Peter I two years, his wife Ekaterina I, and after her death - the grandson of Peter I Peter II.

Peter I did not have time to dispose of who will be his heir. Most of all the rights to the throne had his grandson (the son of executed Alexey), the juvenile Peter. But among the nobles, parties were formed, which tried to put on the throne of the king beneficial to them. Menshikov, Yaguzhinsky and others contributed to the coming to power Catherine I. Especially convinced the Senate, Synod and General Assembly around the palace of troops. Catherine was a slightly, but uneducated woman, according to one foreign ambassador, when he joined the throne did not know how to read or write. But in three months, the state paper was learned. In fact, the ruler with her was Menshikov, the Empress itself spent time in lush peirs and festivals. An important event of its board was the establishment of the Supreme Secretary Council to address the main states.

Catherine died in 1727 and prescribed the successor to Peter II Alekseevich. Around the 11-year-old Emperor Peter II boiled passion. Initially, Menshikov had a great influence on him, who wanted to marry him on his daughter. Then he tired of the boy with his rigories and on the advice of his enemies was exiled to distant Berezovo. The huge state of Prince and Generalissimus Alexander Danilovich was selected. Now the princes of Dolgoruki have now provided a strong influence on the wedding of Peter II and Catherine Dolgoruki. But unexpectedly monarch fell sick. In January 1730, on the day of the wedding planned, Peter II died.

Among the candidates for the throne was the daughter of Peter I Elizabeth, but she was born before official marriage With Catherine and was considered illegitimate. Therefore, they stopped at the daughter of Ivan V, Brother Peter I, Anna. In addition, the court groups sought to approve on the throne of the ruler favorable to them to get some benefits, privileges, strengthen their position, etc. Among members of the Supreme Secret Council ("Verkhovov") an idea arose to limit the power of the king, "tolerate himself", " Will add to yourself. " They suggested the throne Anne, but with the condition to sign the contract - not to solve the most important cases without the consent of the "Verkhovov". On the one hand, theoretically restriction of autocracy could be positive. But very narrow, the oligarchic circle of advisers was appointed. Would be the danger to use the Council as a tool in narrow-minded purposes. This body has very small support among the nobles. And Anna would soon refused the obligation.

After Peter II death in 1730, Peter I was asked for the throne, Anna Ivanovna, who lived in the Baltic States. An increasing role in the appointment (and then overthrown) of emperors and empress, as well as influential dignitaries began to play the Guard. These privileged troops consisted of nobles, even ordinary here were nobles. To a certain extent, they reflected the mood of the highest estate of the whole country, but mainly began to turn into force that supports one or another party, a personality capable of making a palace coup.

Anna brought his surroundings from the Baltic States, among which her favorite (pets) Biron was the main thing. Anna's Board is inextricably linked with the enhancement of the influence of foreigners ("Germans"), many of which were distinguished by rudeness, arrogance, greed, disregard for the whole Russian. Effected by arbitrariness, political arrests and executions increased. All this regime caused great discontent among Russians, both aristocracy and ordinary people. However, Anna happily made ten years. After her death, palace coups again began. Formally, the king for almost a year was the infant Ivan Antonovich (Ivan VI), the great-grandfather Ivan V (Brother Peter I). Then they were dismissed, and the daughter of Peter I Elizabeth rose to the throne.

Anna, dying, left a successor to himself: the baby's son of his niece Anna Leopoldna, who was married to the German prince Anton-Ulrich Braunschweig. But regent, i.e. The actual ruler before the achievement of the king's majority, should have been all the same hated biron. For the nobles, looking forward to the care of the temporary, it was unbearable. It did not even help that Biron began his board by Milosts: canceled a number of death sentences, reduced petachi and so on. A conspiracy arose, the soul of which was another "German", Field Marshal mini. The biron was arrested and in April 1741, forever skelted in the sang. The revenue at the king became his young mother Anna. But it was short enough to rule. At the end of November 1741, the Guardsmen again made a coup and built the throne to the throne (Ivan Vi Antonovich was sharpened to the fortress). Unlike Mother, Elizabeth received education, but he understood that he was not prepared for government management. It was not a particularly distant woman, sometimes rude and consumed a strong little character. The queen loved the fun and balls very much. After her death there were 15 thousand (!) Dresses, she belonged to her. However, she was different and a big piousness, very strictly observed posts. During the conspiracy, he gave the floor to no one to execute the death penalty and kept him. It is believed that she was combined with a secret marriage with Alexey Razumovsky.

The reign of Elizabeth last long, 20 years. She did a lot for the development of Russian industry and culture, greatly reduced the influence of foreigners at the court. She was replaced by her nephew, the grandson of Peter I from his daughter Anna and the German Duke of Golucket, Peter III. It was a straight person. He refused to gain benefits for Russia as a result of victories in a hard war with Prussia. German influenced again. As a result, the Guard again made a coup and in 1762 he planted to the throne of his wife Catherine II. Unlike previous coups, for the first time, the conspiracy arose after the death of the king, but with a lively adult emperor. For the first time, the emperor was killed.

Peter III considered the Prussian King of Friedrich II for himself, did not recognize anything Russian. The benefits of their tiny state in Germany he put the above interests of vast Russia. It is evidenced by the fact that one of his favorite classes was playing soldiers. One day, Catherine, going to his room, saw with horror that he hung the rat, which, according to him, made a criminal offense of the crime: he devoured two soldiers' heads. Peter citaded his spouse and humiliated. The latter although it was also a German, but from an early age he was penetrated by Russia, was much more intelligent and educated. She loved Guard. Have time to drop away from the Zasille of Inomers, many officers could not restrain their indignation with new orders. The center of the conspiracy was the Orlov brothers. Peter III was overthrown, and later killed.

^ The foreign policy of the country from Peter I to Catherine II did not differ too much achievements. However, I managed to defend Petrovsky conquests in the War with Sweden and even somewhat move the northern border. The influence of Russia's influence on the internal affairs of Sweden, where our government constantly supported one of the parties, which stood for peace with Russia. It was noticeable to the influence and Poland, the strength of which was constantly decreased due to the harassment of the gentry. In the Union with Austria in the 1930s, Russia fought with Turkey. It was possible to achieve military success, but there was almost no territorial. Even more victories achieved in the seven-year-old European war, in which our country was drawn, dissatisfied with the strengthening of Prussia. Particularly outstanding success was in 1759 in the battle of Cunesdorf, where Count Peter Saltykov inflicted the terrible defeat of the famous Friedrich II. However, the death of Elizabeth and the stupidity of Peter III deprived Russia of the fruits of victories. Nevertheless, the international authority of the country has grown sharply.

^ Russian-Turkish wars of the second half of the XVIII century.

accession of Ukraine and Belarus

Much more successful wars under Catherine II. Two wars with Turkey had a huge role. The first went from 1768 to 1774.

The initiator was the initiator of Turkey itself, and the inner struggle of the parties in Poland served as a reason, in whose affairs, Russia intervened since Peter, mainly about the election of the kings comfortable to it and on the protection of Orthodox. In Poland, the main religion was Catholicism, but, in addition to the Orthodox, there were still Protestants. Prussia joined the latter. And those and others were called dissidents. In Poland, a confederation of Panov gathered, which was hit by Turkey to war. The Crimeans devastated the area populated by Serbian, new Serbia.

Russians won a number of brilliant victories. Petr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev distinguished himself, twice broken by many times superior to the forces of the Turks and Tatars at Large and Cagule. The Russian fleet from the Baltic swam into the Mediterranean Sea and inflicted the terrible defeat of the Turkish in Chesmen Bay. The war was complicated by the uprising of Pugachev. In 1774, Kychuk-Kainardzhiy world favorable for Russia was signed. Earths were attached between the Bug and the Dniester with the coast of the sea, the land to the Kuban. The freedom of Russian navigation was approved. And the main thing - the Crimean Khanate was declared not dependent on Turkey. In 1783, taking advantage of internal turmoils in the Crimea, Russia joined the peninsula to himself. Finally, it was eliminated by this robbery nest, from which over the centuries tormented our homeland!

Because of the Crimea, the second war with Turkey began (1787-1791), in which Russia had an ally - Austria. This time, the commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov was especially distinguished. He largely broke the Turks at Fokshans and Ramnica, took an impregnable fortress Izmail. The new Black Sea Fleet was also shown at the beginning of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov.

The war found the country by surprise, "the trouble went beyond the trouble: cropping, high cost, diseases in troops; The terrible storm broke the newborn Sevastopol fleet "1. And then the Swedes were still attacked. However, they again failed. In 1791, the world with Turkey was concluded in Iassahs: Russia retired another part of the Black Sea coast.

In the 70s, and then in the 90s, Russia together with Prussia and Austria participated in the so-called partitions of Poland, which were three. As a result, there was no time a huge and powerful Polish state ceased to exist. It weakened due to the fact that the Polish noble-panany did not want to come true with their rights in favor of the state, and the three predator-neighbor took advantage of Poland's weakness. Ukrainian and Belarusian lands, as well as Lithuania, were departed to Russia. Reunion with Russia of East Slavic lands from a national point of view was a positive value, although they appreciated the general shortcomings of the royal regime.

Russia, in fact, did not strive to sections, since he preferred to have a weak neighbor buffer among themselves and strong powers. But Prussia was actively insistent. Therefore, it seemed impossible not to take part. The reason for the first partition of 1772 served as the attempt of the Polish nobles and the king to use the Russian-Turkish war. For the second, in 1793, the appeal of one of the hostile parties in Poland for help to Catherine (the reception known). For the third - an uprising in Poland under the leadership of Kostysitko. The Poles were broken, Suvorov took the suburb of Warsaw, and in 1795 Poland did not become.

^ The main directions of the domestic policy in the XVIII century.

State and other reforms

Palace coups and struggle of the court parties strongly influenced the internal affairs. However, if we consider this policy in general featuresThe following directions can be distinguished: 1. Continued colonization of huge expansion. Now they began to invite foreigners: Serbs, Germans, and others. The most important in the development of new lands was to move south after the liquidation Crimean Khanate. Lands in Novorossia and Tavria (new regions) were beautiful, with the gain of security there were migrants. New cities and ports are based: Military - Sevastopol, shopping - Odessa, etc. Growing through the Black Sea. The colonization of the Volga region and the Volga region is going, with which the research expedition of Pallas contributed. Colonization and America begin (Alaska), Russian America arises by the end of the century. 2. There is a process of expanding the rights of nobility, partly merchants and other tops of citizens, and at the same time finally consolidated and deprived of all civil rights peasants. The position of the Cossacks, which becomes a military-serving estate. 3. The promotion of the development of industry and trade, the development of credit institutions (banks), improvement of money circulation continues. 4. Reforms in the field of government management occur. In Catherine II changed the former division of the state. Instead of large and unequal in the population of the province, 50 provinces were created with the number of residents from 300 to 400 thousand, which were divided into the counties from 20 to 30 thousand people. For cities, a city situation was adopted, improving their self-government.

Very important was the department of management from the court (before all this was combined, led to great abuse). Now the court, besides, and himself was divided into criminal, civil and government. This, as well as the adoption of a number of new laws improved legal proceedings. An important event of the first years of the reign of Catherine was the Commission for the development of new deposits (instead of Alexey Mikhailovich adopted in 1649), in fact, something like a new Zemsky Cathedral. However, the new deposits were failed to do, although a number of commission developments were then embedded.

With Elizabeth, Petrovna was facilitated by the recruit sets, and the general survey of land began. Much was done for the development of medicine and education. Even more evolved in Catherine. The preciseness began, pharmacies were introduced, many gymnasiums and other schools were open.

^ Catherine II characteristic. Outstanding state

footwriters and commander of her reign. Fighting dissent

Catherine II of all ruler after Peter I was the most outstanding. No wonder she received the honorary title of the Great. The princess from the defeated German principality, she turned out to be married to the heir of the Russian throne and managed to understand and love his new homeland.

From the age of 14 in Russia, she learned Russian well, and Russian culture and later did a lot for her development. She wrote about Russia in one of the letters: "... This state made an extremely much for me, and I think that all my own abilities ... can hardly be sufficient so that I can pay with him." She was educated and literary talented woman, wrote a lot of artistic works, research on laws and government management. For a long time, she encouraged the appearance of magazines and books, but the spread of the first revolutionary ideas and books made it change the course and a number of decrees to introduce censorship.

As already mentioned, under Catherine, the state did a lot for the development of education, morality, culture and science. This Board, when the monarch encourages the development of these areas, cares about the good nebans and well-being of the people, is called enlightened absolutism. It can be assumed that the reign of Catherine is largely suitable for this mode, but the halo of the enlightened empress has spilled strengthening serfdom and folk rebellion.

It was a smart and energetic woman, a tricky, a good actress. Catherine was distinguished by the power, but knew how to attract people, to use their diving, behave diplomatically. Here it was absolutely different from her husband and son, and and other rulers.

Catherine entered the story and his love hobbies, which were many. However, this loving woman knew how to choose not just lovers, but public figureswho served to Fatherland. Among her favorites, Prince Grigory Potemkin, a warrior, a diplomat, organizer was especially highlighted. Obstract, rough, but smart and energetic person, he took on great tasks and knew how to solve them. Taking advantage of the proximity to the Empress, he (and others, of course) did not forget about his pocket, assigned and stole government funds. In history, he entered his famous "Potemkin villages", which drew, instead of building.

The outstanding figure was a stronghold of Count Grigory Orlov, along with the brothers who made a coup for Catherine and for a long time its favorite. It was a warrior, a diplomat who performed the most secret instructions of the Empress. In 1771, he managed to reassure Moscow, in which the "plague riot" began, and reduce the effects of the epidemic. They were nevertheless huge: 100 thousand people died from the plague.

The outstanding commander of this time was already mentioned - P. A. Rumyantsev, the first cavalier of the Order of George I degree, who received the title of Count Zadunaysky. A. V. Suvorov, who did not lose a single battle was a great commander. It was an amazing old man, until the end of the life, preserved youthful mobility. At the age of 70, he inspired warriors with his personal example when moving through the Alps Mountains. Suvorov went down in history and as a warlord, who solely believed in the soldiers he called "Miracle Bogati". He wrote a book - a leadership for commanders - "Science to win."

The fame of Admiral F. F. Ushakov, especially its Mediterranean campaign in 1798-1800. against the french fleet. He managed to take an almost impregnable naval fortress on about. Corfu. Ushakov began to apply new marine fighting techniques that brought him success.

Ekaterina II generously awarded his approximate, favorites, commander and other figures served to her. The wide river flowed out of the treasury money, jewelry, high titles, honorary titles, great pensions were given. But the distribution of state land with peasants, first of all, was unheard of discharge, primarily in newly acquired lands. For the suppression of the Polish uprising Suvorov, the estate was granted from 7 thousand (!) The shower of peasants, but there were gifts of 13 and more than thousands of people.

Together with the enlightenment to the country came and secular dissent (the former everything was completely on religious soil). European and North American science, culture, social sciences were greatly influenced on Russian oppositionists. An example of the struggle for the independence of future USA was important.

Among the most famous enlightened Volnoduims, N. I. Novikova and A. N. Radishcheva should be noted. In the period of the Great French Revolution, opposition circles began to appear.

Catherine strictly dealt with the dissent, which she considered "more dangerous to Pugachev Bunt." It was planted to the fortress of Novikov, sent to the link Radishchev. Since the beginning of the French revolution, she took a tough position. Increased internal regime, as the authorities were concerned about the consequences of "free-robes", in time, in their opinion, not eradicated in France. Censorship was introduced, many literature is prohibited.

French emigrants in Russia were forced to bring the oath king, and suspicious were sent. With France after the execution of the king, all kinds of relations were interrupted.

Board of Paul I.

Catherine did not love the only son of Paul, and he mutually hated mother. Paul's character was a success in his father and also loved everything German. It was a shavy and despotic person, Samodor in character. Behind his signature, both useful sensible orders, and completely crazy. Peter I was a steep man, but not a mad. Paul was exactly the same. At the same time, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe continuing power of the monarch was firmly covered in his head, that all his slaves were. He often humiliated the noble honor, the concept, already rooted in the Higher Society, was not considered to know the rights. In the peak of Mother pardoned and returned many repressed with her, but also punished much more. Unreasonable and ridiculous orders in the army, the opal of many of the aristocracy, the permanent fear of punishment, the tightening of the police arbitrariness - all this caused discontent. I did not like the fact that the former cheerful truth tone became frowning. In the end, a conspiracy appeared in favor of the eldest son Paul Alexander, and in 1801 the emperor was strangled.

With the coming to power of Paul, active in relation to the revolutionary France still increased. Russia entered the coalition with Austria and other countries against France. Russian troops were sent to Italy and Switzerland, and the fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. Later for successful management Wars from the reference was caused by Suvorov, who finished brilliantly its headquarters Italian and Swiss campaigns. But for the benefit of Russia, these trips did not give anything.

The war with France Paul began due to a trifle occasion, and then, offended by England, he was reconciled with Napoleon and was going to attack the English colony of India. But death interrupted his plans.

1 Soloviev S. M. Publicly available readings about Russian history. M, 1992. P. 320.

Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

Branch of NOU VPO "Moscow Institute of Entrepreneurship and Law" in Norilsk

Test

Discipline: History of the Fatherland

Topic: Palace coups. The role of the guard. Expansion of privileges of the nobles.

Performed Fm.o. Cheban E.V.

Norilsk, 2012.

Introduction

Fighting for power

Causes of palace coups

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

According to the majority of historians, the reasons for palace coups are the following:

departing from the national political tradition, according to which the throne passed only to the right heirs of the king, Peter himself prepared the crisis of power (without making a decree on 1722 on the inheritance of the throne, without appointing heir to himself);

at the Russian throne after Peter's death claimed a large number of direct and indirect heirs;

in their entirety, the existing corporate interests of the nobility and childbirth nobility were manifested.

Speaking about the era of palace coups, it should be emphasized that they were not state-owned, i.e. pursued the goals of radical changes in political power and state Device (An exception was the events of 1730)

When analyzing the era of palace coups, it is important to pay attention to the following points.

First, various palace groups were the initiators of the coup, which sought to build their own gender to the throne.

Secondly, the most important consequence of the coup was the strengthening of the economic and political positions of the nobility.

Thirdly, the drilling force of the coup was Guard.

Indeed, the Guard, the privileged part of the regular army created by Peter (these are the famous Semyan and Preobrazhensky shelves, in the 30s two new, Izmailovsky and Connogvardeysky) were decisive. Her participation solved the outcome of the case: on whose side of the guard, the group tried to win. The guard was not only a privileged part of Russian troops, she was a representative of a whole class (noble), from whose environment was almost exclusively formed and the interests of which represented.

In general, it would be the best to evaluate the time of palace coups as the period of the development of the noble empire from Petrovsky formations to the new major modernization of the country under Catherine 2. In the second quarter - the middle of the 18th century there were no major reforms (moreover, according to some scientists, the period before The Board of Elizabeth Petrovna is estimated as a period of counter-reviews).

1. Fight for power

Dying, Peter did not leave the heir, have only time to write a weak hand: "Give everything ...". The opinion of the Rid about his successor was divided. "Petrov's nest chicks" (A.D. Menshikov, P.A. Tolstoy, I.I. Buturlin, P.I. Yaguzhinsky, etc.) made his second wife Catherine, and representatives of the informant nobility (D.M. Golitsyn , V.V. Dolgoruky and others) defended the candidacy of grandson - Peter Alekseevich. The outcome of the dispute was solved by the Guard, supporting the empress.

The welling of Catherine 1 (1725-1727) led to a sharp strengthening of Menshikov's position, which became the actual lord of the country. Attempts to somewarly curb his power and korestolubia with the help of the Supreme Secret Council created under the Empress of the Supreme Secretary Council (VTS), which was subordinate to the first three colleges, as well as the Senate, did not lead to anything. Moreover, the Tender conceived to strengthen his position due to the marriage of his daughter with the juvenile grandson of Peter. He opposed this plan P. Tolstoy was in prison.

In May 1727, Ekaterina I died and the emperor, according to her will, became 12-year-old Peter II (1727-1730) with the regency of the BTS. The influence of Menshikov in the court intensified, and he even got the desired chin of Generalissimus.

But, pushing the old allies and without acquiring new among the trivial nobility, he soon lost his influence on the young Emperor and in September 1727 was arrested and exiled with the whole family in Berezovo, where soon and died.

A significant role in discrediting the personality of Menshikov in the eyes of the young emperor was played by Dolgoruky, as well as a member of the TSC, the tutor of the king, nominated for this position himself Menshikov - A.I. Osterman is a clever diplomat, depending on the alignment of forces and political conditions, change its views, allies and patrons. The overthrow of Menshikov was inherently an actual palace coup, because the composition of the CTS has changed. In which the aristocratic surnames (Dolgoruki and Golitsyn) began to prevail, and A.I. began to play a key role. Osterman; An end was put to the regency of the PTS, Peter II declared himself a full-fledged ruler, whom new favorites surrounded; Nased a course aimed at revising Peter I.

Soon the yard left Petersburg and moved to Moscow, who attracted the emperor to the presence of richest hunting grounds. King's favorite sister - Catherine Dolgoruky was gained with Peter II, but during preparation for the wedding, he died from black smallpox. And again the question arose about the throne, since Peter II was stopped by the male line of Romanov, and he did not have time to appoint a successor.

In the conditions of the political crisis and the timelessness of the PTS, who consisted by the time of 8 people (5 places belonged to Dolgoruky and Golitsyn), I decided to invite the niece of Peter I, Duchess Kullyndskaya Anna Ioannovna for the throne. It was also extremely important that she did not have supporters and any connections in Russia.

As a result, it gave the opportunity to excite the invitation to the brilliant Petersburg throne, impose of its conditions and to achieve agreement on the restriction of the power of the monarch.

The Board of Anna John (1730-1740)

From the very beginning of his reign, Anna John tried to strike out even the consciousness of his subjects even the memory of "Conditions". She eliminated the CTS, creating the Cabinet of Ministers headed by Osterman instead.

Gradually, Anna went to meet the most pressing requirements of the Russian nobility: the service life was limited to 25 years; The part of the Decree is canceled about the unionlessness, which limited the right of the nobles to dispose of the estate when he was inherited; Melted to get an officer rank. Without trusting the Russian nobility and not having a desire, and the ability to delve into public affairs, Anna John surrounded himself from the Baltic people. The key role in the court went into the hands of her favorite E. Biron.

Some historians are the period of the reign of Anna Johnnna call "Bironovshchina", believing that his main feature was the dominance of the Germans who neglected the interests of the country, demonstrating contempt for the whole Russian and conducted the policy of arbitrariness in relation to the Russian nobility. After the death of Anna Ioannovna in 1740, according to her will, the Russian throne inherited the great-grandfather Ivan Alekseevich, the son of Anna Leopoldovna and Anton Ulrich Braunshwesky - Ivan Antonovich. Anna E. Favorite was appointed regent before his majority. Biron, which in less than a month he was arrested by the Guards on the orders of Field Marshal B.K. Minihina.

Anna Leopoldovna, Anna Leopoldovna, was proclaimed at a registered child. The leading role was played by A.I. Osterman, who survived five reigns and all temporary users.

november 1741 so did not rule the king was overthrown by Elizabeth Petrovna with the help of Guard. Using the weakness of the government and its popularity, Elizabeth, Peter I's daughter, changing into a male dress, appeared in the barracks of the Preobrazhensky regiment with the words: "Guys, you know whose daughter, go for me. Mist die for me?" - asked the future empress and, having received an affirmative answer, led them to the Winter Palace. On the night of November 25, 1741, the Grenaderian company of the Preobrazhensky regiment made a palace coup in favor of Elizabeth - Daughter Peter I - (1741-1761)

With all the similarity of this coup with such palace coups in Russia, the XVIII century. (Top character, Guard shock force), he had a number distinctive features. The shock force of the coup on November 25 was not just a guard, and the guards bases - immigrants from the supplies, expressing patriotic sentiment of the wide layers of the capital's population. The coup had a pronounced anti-minetty, patriotic character. The wide layers of the Russian society, condemning the favoritism of the German temporarys, paid their sympathies towards Peter's daughter - the Russian hear.

The peculiarity of the palace coup on November 25 was the fact that Franco-Swedish diplomacy was trying to actively interfere with the internal affairs of Russia and for the offer of assistance to Elizabeth in the struggle for the throne to achieve certain political and territorial concessions from it, meaning a voluntary refusal to conquer Peter I.

Empress Elizaveta Petrovna reigned twenty years, from 1741 to 1761. The most legitimate of all successors of Peter I, raised to the throne with the help of guardsmen, as I wrote by V.O. Klyuchevsky, "he inherited the energy of his father, built palaces at twenty-four hours and the path from Moscow took place on St. Petersburg, peaceful and carefree, she took Berlin and defeated the first strategist of that time Friedrich the Great ... Her courtyard turned into theatrical foyer - All talked about the French comedy, the Italian opera, and the doors were not closed, in the windows a blow, the water flowed on the walls - such a "gilded poverty."

The rod of her policies was the expansion and strengthening of the rights and privileges of the nobility. The landowners now have the right to link the revolving peasants to Siberia and dispose of not only the land, but also the person and property of serfs. Under Elizabeth, Petrovna was restored in the rights of the Senate, the main magistrate, the board. In 1755, Moscow University was opened - the first in Russia.

An indicator of the increased influence of Russia for international life was its active participation in the pan-European conflict of the second half of the XVIII century. - in the seven-year war 1756 - 1763.

Russia entered the war in 1757. In the first battle at the village of Gross- Jershsdorf on August 19, 1757, the Russian troops inflicted a serious defeat of Prussian troops. In early 1758, Russian troops were traded by Königsberg. The population of Eastern Prussia swore the Empress of Russia - Elizabeth. The culmination of the military campaign of 1760 was the capture of September 28 Berlin by the Russian Army under the command of Chernyshov. (Friedrich II stood on the edge of death, but he was saved by a sharp turn in the foreign policy of Russia, caused by the entry into the throne of Peter III, who immediately broke the military union with Austria, stopped hostilities against Prussia and even offered military aid to Friedrich).

The successor of Elizabeth Petrovna became her nephew Karl-Peter-Ulrich - Duke of Holsteinsky - Son of the senior sister Elizabeth Petrovna - Anna, and it means on the mother's line - grandson of Peter I. He climbed the throne under the name Peter III (1761-1762) February 18, 1762 G. was published a manifesto about the sufficiency of "all Russian noble nobility of liberty and freedom", i.e. On exemption from the mandatory service. "Manifesto", who was removed from the class of a century-old service, was perceived by the nobility with enthusiasm.

Petro III was published decrees to abolish the secret office, about permission to return to Russia who fled abroad the splitters with the prohibition of prosecution for the split. However, soon the policy of Peter III caused discontent in society, restored the capital society against him.

Special discontent among officers was caused by Peter III's refusal from all the conquests during the period of the victorious seven-year war with Prussia (1755-1762), which Lead Elizaveta Petrovna. In the guard ripe conspiracy in order to overthrow Peter III.

As a result of the latter in the 18th century of the palace coup, implemented on June 28, 1762, the wife of Peter III was erected into Russian throne, which became Empress Catherine II (1762-1796). During the palace coup, Catherine was supported by influential representatives of the aristocracy: Count K. G. Razumovsky, teacher Paul I N. I. Panin, Prosecutor General I. A. Glebov, Knyagin E. R. Dashkov, many guards officers. Catherine is like Peter, whom she idolized, surrounded himself with loyal people. She generously rewarded her associates and favorites.

The attempt of Peter III to join the negotiations did not lead to anything, and he was forced to sign the person sent by Catherine's actual act of "spontaneous" abduction from the throne.

So the era of "palace coups" ended.

. Causes of palace coups

palace coup Imperial throne

General prerequisites of palace coups can be called:

Contradictions between various noble groups in relation to the Petrovsky heritage. It would be a simplification to assume that the split occurred on the adoption and failure of reforms.

And the so-called "new nobility", nominated during the years of Peter, thanks to his official zeal, and the aristocratic party tried to mitigate the reform course, hoped in one form or another to give a breather to society, and first of all, herself.

But each of these groups defended its narrowly slot interests and privileges, which created the nutrient soil for the internal political struggle.

Acute struggle of various groups for power, which has come down most often to the nomination and support of a given candidate for the throne.

Active position Guard, which Peter brought up as a privileged "Support" autocracy, which took on herself, besides, the right to control the compliance of the personality and politics of the monarch to the heritage, which left her "beloved emperor".

Passivity of the masses, absolutely distant from the political life of the capital.

The exacerbation of the problem of the throne in connection with the adoption of the decree 1722, which broke the traditional mechanism for the transfer of power.

The spiritual atmosphere, which develops as a result of the restraint of the noble consciousness from the traditional norms of behavior and morality, pushed to active, often unprincipled political activities, instilled hope in good luck and "omnipotent case", which opened the road to power and wealth.

Conclusion

Stormy reform activity, penetrating all the pores of an economic, social, political, social and cultural life, with the death of Peter the Great, as it were, was frozen, clutched by surprise. The sudden death of the head of the absolutist state paralyzed, primarily the initiative of the Supreme Bodies of Public Management. The so-called era of palace coups has come.

Indeed, from 1725 to 1762, eight coups happened in the country, each of whom was erected to the throne of the new sovereign, after which, as a rule, a change in the personal composition of the ruling top was changed.

At the top erected by the giant efforts of the converter of the noble state, mouse began in the form of a struggle of the ridently emerging palace parties for power. It is not surprising that the main content of the internal policies of these years was the expansion and strengthening of the privileges of the nobility. This sometimes was done in spite of the decions of Peter the Great, and the state reserves accumulated by his efforts were incredible.

Palace coups did not entail changes to the political, and even more so the social system of society and were reduced to the struggle for the power of various nobility groups, who have pursued their own, most often mercenary interests. At the same time, the specific policy of each of the six monarchs had its own characteristics, sometimes important for the country. In general, socio-economic stabilization and foreign policy successes achieved in the era of the Board of Elizabeth, created the conditions for accelerated development and new breakthroughs in foreign policy, which will occur under Catherine II.

List of used literature

1.Orlov A.S., Polovov A.Yu., Shestova T.L., Shchetinov Yu.A. Manual on the history of the Fatherland for applicants to universities? Electronic publication, 2005.

.Orlov A.S., Georgiev V.A., Georgiev N.G., Sivokhina T.A. History of Russia: Textbook, 3rd ed. M.: Prospekt, 2008.

.Vernadsky G.V. Russian history: [studies.] - M.: Agrad, 2001.

.History of Russia, end of the XVII-XIX century: Tutorial for 10 CL. / IN AND. Buganov, P.N. Zyryanov; Ed. A.N. Sakharov. - 11th ed. - M.: Enjoyment, 2005. - 304 p.

Tutoring

Need help to study what language themes?

Our specialists will advise or have tutoring services for the subject of interest.
Send a request With the topic right now, to learn about the possibility of receiving consultation.

Palace coups - the change of power as a result of the struggle of the grouping inside the dominant class in the support of the army (its privileged part). In modern use - "quiet" power change.

Period (epoch) of palace coups in domestic history It is customary to call 1725 - 1762, when the Supreme Power in the Russian Empire passed from hand to hand mainly by coups, which were performed by the noble groups with the support and assistance of the guard. During 1725 - 1761. Six monarchs changed at the Russian throne. In accordance with the classical historiography of the "The Epoch of Palace Dobor - a period of 1725-1762, when the power of the power took place in the Russian Empire, the power of the palace coups committed by the noble groups with the assistance of the Guards Regions. In 1725 A.D. Menshikov took the throne Catherine I; In 1727 - Dolgoruky, made from Peter II links Menshikov; In the 1740-Guard of the overall E.I. Biron; In 1741 Elizabeth of Petrovna, the eldest emperor Ivan Vi Antonovich, in 1762- Ekaterina II overthrew his husband Peter III. "Thus, there are 5 palace coups in the period from the death of Peter I before the focus of Catherine II.

Prerequisites and features of palace coups. In the second quarter of the XVIII century, the period in the history of Russia, which received, according to the figurative expression of the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, the name of the "era of palace coups". During this period, the struggle of the court groups for power begins, which contributed to the fact that after the death of Emperor Peter I, in January 1725, there was no direct heirs of the Russian throne on the men's line.

In accordance with the Law on the Prestiplock, caused by Tsarevich Alexey Petrovich, the emperor himself had to appoint a successor himself, but did not have time. The struggle for the throne between the noble groups led to power predominantly women from the royal family or children.

Their shift wore the character of palace coups. It was explained by narrow-story interests mainly two noble groups: a titled, but not informative nobility (A.D. Menshikov, P. Tolstoy, G.I. Golkin, F.M. Apraksin, P.I. Yaguzhinsky, I.I. Buturlin ), who were obliged to their elevation of Peter I and the "Tabel's ranks" and the informed of the hereditary nobility (D.M. Golitsyn, Dolgorukov, N.V. Repnin), who considered that to manage their primordial law. Between them there was a struggle for power and related new advantages and privileges.

At this time, the Guard, which Peter brought up as a privileged "support" of the autocracy, who took over, besides, was to play an active role in the political life of the country, which, besides, the right to control the compliance of the personality and politics of the monarch, who left her emperor.

The alienation of the masses from politics and their passivity served as a favorable soil of palace intrigues and coups.

Table of contents

Introduction

In the first quarter of the XVIII century, the orders and customs of the Doperer Time are still preserved - the epoch of the Moscow state (XVI - XVII V.V.), but Peter the Great literally opened it open in front of the West "Gate" to Russia, and the country became quickly to Europe.

Peter I created a mighty and branched administrative apparatus. Since then, the weak monarch even even a baby can sit on the Russian throne and manage the empire, relying the well-coordinated actions of a huge state car. However, it was easy to stay on the throne, it was easy and losing it. But if the huge empire does not need a strong sovereign, the name and generation of which is consecrated by an ancient tradition, why not replace the ruling monarch for a candidate who meets the interests of any court group? The emperor, with all his great power, turned out to be a toy of the powerful political forces. And because almost all of the XVIII century. - The time of permanent palace conspiracies, endless intrigues, the struggle for power, successful and unsuccessful attempts to seize the imperial crown. The privileged guards parts that kept the country of this or that court party were capable of solving the fate of Russia for years and ahead. In addition, the personality of the monarch and the struggle of various clicks and groups at the courtyard was determined by the entire style of government by the state, and the slightest capris of the sovereign or his favorite could become a reason for major changes in the life of the country.

§one. Changes in the Russian throne

"The Epoch of Palace Dobor" was named after the death of Peter I 37-year period of political instability (1725-1762). During this period, the policies of the state determined individual groups of the palace nobility, which actively interfered with the question of the heir to the throne, fought among themselves for power, carried out palace coup. The reason for such an intervention was published by Peter I February 5, 1722. The charter about the heritage of the throne, which canceled "both of the prestoliydia, acting before, and the will, and the cathedral election, replacing the other personal purpose, the discretion of the reigning sovereign." Peter himself did not take advantage of this charter, died on January 28, 1725, without appointing a successor to himself. Therefore, immediately after his death between representatives of the ruling top, the struggle for power began.

The crucial force of the palace coups was the Guard, a privileged part of a regular army created by Peter (these are the famous Semyan and Preobrazhensky shelves, in the 30s two new, Izmailovsky and Connogvardeysky) were added to them. Her participation solved the outcome of the case: on whose side of the guard, the group tried to win. The guard was not only a privileged part of Russian troops, she was a representative of a whole class (noble), from whose environment was almost exclusively formed and the interests of which represented. one

§2. Social essence of palace coups

A.L.Yanov, describing the vakhanalia of palace coups after the death of Anna John, notes: "In all this, the insanity was, however, the system. For ... Petersburg Grenadle or Life Guardsmen, as well as the whole Petrovskie Elite standing behind them, set themselves the goal of not at all the advantage of the next "Coltonian", but the abolition of the mandatory service (while maintaining all privileges and property). In other words, the return of the lost once again an aristocratic status (for the Petrovsk elite, probably, the case was not at all in returning the said status, but only in his acquisition). They did not calm down, as long as they did not achieve their own. And barely thought up to the true cause of all this extraordinary political flaws the only among the Pleiads of the Russian Empress politically competent woman Sophia Anhalt-Cerebst, more famous under the name Catherine Great, as passions immediately easier and yesterday's arbitrariness was replaced by orderly. " 2.
Unfortunately, Yanov himself this completely international process interprets both specifically Russian, as "the original Russian samples of the formation of the elite" (and as evidence of the alleged Russia to Europe with its influence and independence of the position of the aristocracy from the will of the Center). However, this process proceeded everywhere in all bureaucratic societies, although in different formsThe already civilized features of these societies and other, mainly political, circumstances.

Palace coups did not entail changes to the political, and even more so the social system of society and were reduced to the struggle for the power of various nobility groups, who have pursued their own, most often mercenary interests. At the same time, the specific policy of each of the six monarchs had its own characteristics, sometimes important for the country. In general, socio-economic stabilization and foreign policy successes achieved in the era of Elizabeth's Board created conditions for more accelerated development and new breakthroughs in foreign policy, which will occur under Catherine II.

According to Klyuchevsky, the Petersburg Guards barracks was a rival of the Senate and the Supreme Secret Council, the successor of the Moscow Zemsky Cathedral. This participation of the Guards Regiments in resolving the issue of the throne was very important political consequences; First of all, it had a strong effect on the political mood of the guard itself. First, the obedient tool in the hands of his leaders, Menshikov, Buturlin, she then wanted to be an independent engine of events, intervened in politics in his own coincidence; Palace coups have become a preparation political school for her. But then the Guard was not only a privileged part of the Russian troop, torn off from society: she had an influential social importance, was a representative of a whole class, from whom the environment was almost exclusively completed. In the guard she served the color of the estate, the layers of which, first separated, with Peter I, they were united under the general name of the nobility or shine, and according to the laws of Peter, it was a mandatory military school for this estate. Political tastes and claims learned by the guard, thanks to participation in the palace affairs, did not remain in the walls of the St. Petersburg barracks, but were distributed from there for all noble corners, urban and rustic. This political connection of the Guard with the estate that stood at the head of the Russian society, and the dangerous consequences of which from here could have occurred, the authorities of the St. Petersburg delints of the time were felt.

Therefore, at the same time with palace coups and under their obvious influence and in the mood of the nobility, two important changes are found: 1) thanks to the political role, which course of the court affairs was imposed on the guard and so willingly be okay, there was such an advisory opinion among the nobility in the state, What he had no noticeably before; 2) With the assistance of this view and the circumstances, his established, the position of the nobility in the state, and his relationship to other classes of society changed. 3.

The main point and the fact that the nobility was eager for these coups. In a row nobility, mercilessly persecuted from the engable estates in the shelves and schools, the thought was sophisticated for the invention of methods, as if serving from science and service, in the upper layers, especially in a government environment, the mind worked hard on more elevated objects. Here, the remains of the old boyars knew, formed a fairly close circle of few surnames. Of the general political initiation, a kind of political program was developed here, a rather definite view of an order of magnitude, which should be established in the state.
In the conditions of political, legal and economic inconsispension of all Russian society, including the highest circles (it should be remembered that the famous decree on the liberty of the nobility was adopted only in 1761), the problem of restricting the power of the monarch, that is, the creation of a constitutional monarchy acquires It would seem that own supporters in all spheres of Russian society. It seems that the first of the self-containers were well aware of Peter I. The creation of the Senate is nothing but the beginning of work on the creation of the foundations of the constitutional system. No matter how paradoxically sounds, but Russia should be considered the only state where this process was not taking place under the revolutionary Natius, but was a very thoughtful and necessary for the state and society by a step on the part and on the initiative of the monarch itself.
This process has survived its naccker. With the creation of the Supreme Secret Council and limit the competence of the Senate only by the issues of the highest judicial jurisdiction in Russia, the contours of the separation of the authorities are quite clearly distinguished, which, in our opinion, is indisputable is one of the most important signs of constitutionalism. This process would be accompanied by the estimated sections of the highest state power between the monarch and the Supreme Secret Council.

Contemporary and participant of those events F.Prokopovich describes events and political moods of those years: "Many said that the Scepter does not in any one, except for her Majesty, the sovereign, like the Self-remuneration and it, is, according to SIM who recently the Majesty of Coronation . The Germans turn the Germans, whether such a coronation gives the right, when and in other people the queens are coroned, and for the heirs are not there? " four

The discussion on the prestigescellies sounded on the elemental meetings of the highest circles of Russian society. Their participants were not expensive to decide the question of the throne. It was authorized to solve this issue of the Senate. I wrote about his historical meeting well by V.O. Klechevsky: "So far, the senators consulted in the palace on the question of the throne, in the corner of the meeting rooms somehow appeared officers of the guard officers, unknown by whom designed here. They did not take direct participation in the debate of senators, but, like a choru in an ancient drama, they expressed their judgment with a sharp frankness, threatening the heads of old boyars, which will resist the focus of Catherine. " five

Guard, and it is applied from subsequent events, they attracted Menshikov and Buturlin. Her appearance both in the walls of the Senate, and behind his walls was a weighty argument in resolving the question of the prestiplotia. It is possible that the threat of the use of military force, which, figuratively speaking, Vitala in the air, influenced the opinion of representatives of former boyars in the Senate. And yet the main argument, in our opinion, appeared in public consciousness The new legal image of the monarchy, according to which the practice of election of the king in the Zemsky Cathedral actually ceased. According to the adopted legislation, the emperor himself was wave to declare the heir to the throne. Naturally, in his choice, he was limited by the framework of the ruling home, the inslace preference to the heirs-men still existed.

The Supreme Secret Council is actually ruled the country in the years of the reign of Elizabeth I and after the top of Peter II. It was the first collegial control body, although in general, devoid of internal regulations. He was in some intermediate state, whether to copy the king-autocrat, or the Boyar Duma. But, in any case, it was a new authority. Many procedural issues of its activities, as questions and other similar authorities, crystallized for years, or even decades, when a certain tradition in their activities was evolving. Naturally, one dominant identity was superimposed on the activities of the Supreme Secret Council.

It is believed that in the first two years, it was a brilliant prince Alexander Menshikov (1673-1729, Generalissimus. In 1718-1724 and 1726-1727 - President of the Military Collegium), the remaining three years - Prince Dmitry Golitsyn ( 1665-1737, compiler of "Condios". In 1736, accused and convicted for participation in the conspiracy).

The "High Supervisors" rejected the candidacy of Peter's daughter Elizabeth as illegitimate on that only the foundation that she was born to the official marriage of the parents, and decided to invite Anna Joanovna, rightly believing that it would be easier to negotiate with it. This fact was passing by many historians. Meanwhile, this is a very important detail. In essence, "Conditions" was an embodiment in the practice of the contractual began in the arrangement of the highest body of state power. V. Kobrin was completely right, which believed that the election of the monarch is "a kind of contract between the subjects and the sovereign, and therefore a step towards the legal state." 6 It seems that it does not matter where the king was elected - on the Boyar Duma, the Zemsky Cathedral or at the Supreme Secret Council. Another thing is that from the position of today, spontaneous elections, not clearly regulated by the Special Law on the procedure for their conduct, of course, testify only about the intensive state of the state state. Nevertheless, they were and, in our opinion, are a good confirmation of the existence of legal traditions of Russian statehood.

The Supreme Secret Council, if the suggestion of the "Verkhovov" plans closed the Supreme Power in the country, turning the empress in the carrier of purely representative functions. From a legal point of view, an analogy with the state principles of the British monarchy is suggested here. However, it remains unclear whether these innovations would have come true on the Russian state soil and did not turn into a political and legal life in Russia in the semblance of Polish, where the Magnates' Magnates, including the election of the king, significantly weakened the vertical of power. Did it understand Russian societies in higher circles? Obviously understood, and a good reason for this, in our opinion, the project of Prince A. Cherkasski about the state structure of Russia, developed in early February 1730, the concept of the associate of Peter I, the Russian historian V. Tatishchev was held in its foundation. In essence, it was an alternative to the plans of the "Verkhovov".

Whatever it was, and the result of Petrovsky transformations, held in the context of eliminating the remnants and increments of the estate and representative democracy, suppressing the democracy of the Cossack circle and the squeezing of the juice from the people became the great military power, which paid more than the most excellent quality than advanced England.
But over time, the rule of the class, which an Asian production method also makes it work in the sweat of the face, bored to climb out of the skin, and when the main tasks were fulfilled, and the whip fell out of the hands of the reformer, the "top" took up the device of their own business. The time of stagnation came, with all the external dynamics of the "era of palace coups". The plants worked on the inertia, expeditions were sent, marching the shelves, but it was gradually declining. However, inertia was so great that Koenigsberg gave into the hands of Russia, and the Great Kant himself briefed on the faithfulness of the Russian crown.

The crisis is trying to resolve Peter III, the Agent of Prussia and the faithful "brother" of his head for the Masonic bed Friedrich II. This figure combines in one person and Boris Godunova, and the Grishka of Frepeva. Russia, despite the "stagnation", is too strong that someone could decide on the intervention, but, acting through its agents, the West seeks a lot - the army is weakened, the results of the conquests of Elizabethan regiments are rented. Russian soldiers go submissively shedding blood for German interests, against their recent ally - Denmark. The national sense of the Russian man is humiliated and offended. 7.

It cannot continue for a long time and Peter eliminate the palace coup. However, the hands of this insignificant person the story created a great business - a decree was adopted "on the liberties of the noble". It would seem - this is a step back, to the restoration of feudalism. The nobleman is exempt from subordination to the state, from the obligation of the service and becomes free Barin, Mr. in his estate. But we will not take a form for the content. The Russian landowner did not at all feudal and his estate - not feudal ownership, but Normal full-blooded private property. He is not a ruler of the Earth, and the owner acting in the context of the capitalist market, in the same way as operated in the conditions of the Market of America's planners. Well, however, they had smaller restrictions on the market.